Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| The level of social frailty |
p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-social frailty | Social pre-frailty | Social frailty | |||
| n = 460 | n = 359 | n = 169 | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 80.52 (4.52) | 80.93 (5.02) | 82.01 (5.63) †, ⁎ | 0.003 | |
| Sex, n (%) | Men | 233 (50.7) | 165 (46.0) | 70 (41.4) | 0.097 |
| Women | 227 (49.3) | 194 (54.0) | 99 (58.6) | ||
| BADL, n (%) | No difficulty | 418 (90.9) | 302 (84.1) | 121 (71.6) | <0.001 |
| Difficulty | 38 (8.3) | 55 (15.3) | 47 (27.8) | ||
| Missing | 4 (0.9) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| IADL, n (%) | No difficulty | 426 (92.6) | 304 (84.7) | 162 (71.6) | <0.001 |
| Difficulty | 24 (5.2) | 49 (13.6) | 44 (26.0) | ||
| Missing | 10 (2.2) | 6 (1.7) | 4 (2.4) | ||
| Comorbidity, n (%) | No | 330 (71.7) | 283 (78.8) | 139 (82.2) | 0.018 |
| Yes | 97 (21.1) | 63 (17.5) | 20 (11.8) | ||
| Missing | 33 (7.2) | 13 (3.6) | 10 (5.9) | ||
| Educational attainment, n (%) | Middle/high | 318 (69.1) | 239 (66.6) | 103 (60.9) | 0.231 |
| Low | 141 (30.7) | 119 (33.1) | 63 (37.3) | ||
| Missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (1.8) | ||
| Physical activity, n (%) | High | 139(30.2) | 82 (22.8) | 23 (13.6) | <0.001 |
| Middle | 184 (40.0) | 117 (32.6) | 43 (25.4) | ||
| Low | 95 (20.7) | 122 (34.0) | 90 (53.3) | ||
| Missing | 42 (9.1) | 38 (10.6) | 13 (7.7) | ||
| Exercise at home | Exercise | 254 (55.2) | 171 (47.6) | 64 (37.9) | <0.001 |
| Non-exercise | 152 (33.0) | 142 (39.6) | 88 (52.1) | ||
| Missing | 54 (11.7) | 46 (12.8) | 17 (10.1) | ||
| Depressive symptoms, n (%) | No | 301 (65.4) | 208 (57.9) | 76 (45.0) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 102 (22.2) | 115 (32.0) | 78 (46.2) | ||
| Missing | 57 (12.4) | 36 (10.0) | 15 (8.9) | ||
†
Significant differences compared with the social robust groups, post-hoc analysis using Bonferroni's multiple comparison test (p < 0.05). Group differences were examined using an ANOVA or χ2-test. BADL, basic activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; SD, standard deviation
⁎
Missing data, n = 115 for the level of social frailty