Table 2.

Association between social frailty and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic, multivariable logistic regression analysis with multiple imputation approach.

	Crude model		Adjusted model
	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
The level of social frailty
Non-social frailty	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Social pre-frailty	1.60 (1.18–2.17)	0.003	1.29 (0.93–1.78)	0.128
Social frailty	2.94 (2.00–4.31)	<0.001	1.80 (1.16–2.79)	0.009
Age (per 1 year)			1.02 (0.99–1.05)	0.152
Women (ref: men)			1.32 (0.99–1.76)	0.062
BADL difficulty (ref: no difficulty)			3.14 (2.00–4.92)	<0.001
IADL difficulty (ref: no difficulty)			2.25 (1.44–3.54)	<0.001
Comorbidity (ref: no)			1.21 (0.83–1.75)	0.325
Low educational (ref: middle/high)			1.15 (0.86–1.55)	0.343
Physical activity
Middle (ref: high)			1.23 (0.84–1.77)	0.291
Low (ref: high)			1.33 (0.91–1.97)	0.144
Exercise at home (ref: Non-exercise)			0.93 (0.69–1.27)	0.654

BADL, basic activities of daily living; CI, confidence interval; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; OR, odds ratio