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. 2021 Sep 1;27(4):588–631. doi: 10.1007/s10985-021-09530-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — The graph in a is a successive transformation of Fig. 4a for $L_{1} = Z_{1}$ that represents a hypothetical trial G in which both $A_{Y}$ and $A_{D}$ are randomly assigned (We have removed $L_{0}$ to avoid clutter, but all our arguments are valid in the presence of $L_{0}$ ). The graph in b is a transformation of Fig. 5b, in which $L_{Y, 1} (G) \equiv Z_{Y, 1} (G), L_{D, 1} (G) \equiv Z_{D, 1} (G)$ . All dismissible component conditions hold in both graphs