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. 2021 Oct 22;11:20876. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00090-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sediment proxy data for the last 1000 years obtained from Lake Czechowskie cores. From top to bottom: (A) Varve thickness (21 running mean (bold line) and annual data; (B) Titanium (Ti) counts (clr) from XRF scanning at 50 mm resolution and 21 running mean (bold line) as proxy for detrital catchment material. (C) Secale % (indicator for agricultural land area), (D) Carpinus % (hardwood species used for buildings), (E) Forest cover % (proxy for land openness) and Pinus % (typical regional pioneer tree species) all pollen data are presented REVEALS transformation with the REVEALSinR function from the R package ‘disqover’ (Theuerkauf, et al.⁵⁷ see methods). (F) Charcoal influx as proxy for fires. The grey bars indicate periods of wars in the region.