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. 2021 Oct 22;11:20920. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00392-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Assessment of DNA damage after different frequencies, doses, and intervals of cisplatin injection. (a) Representative images of immunostaining of γH2AX and comet assay of isolated kidney cells at three days after the last injection. (b) Quantification of the number of γH2AX + cells. (c) Quantitative analysis of alkaline comet and neutral comet. (d) Quantitative PCR of whole kidneys for the downstream target genes of DNA damage (p53, p21, Bax, and Bcl2). Data are the mean ± SE. *P < 0.05, †P < 0.05 vs other groups, ‡P < 0.05 vs Uninjured or #1–3 groups. Scale bar = 100 μm.