Table 1.
Descriptive information for the measures of the parental mediation factors.
| Parental Mediation Factor | Items | Measurement | Cronbach's Alpha | M (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child-Related Factors | ||||
| Time spent online | One item: “On a typical weekday during the lockdown, how many hours did you spend on the internet or using digital technology?” | Number of hours | N/A | 6.82 (3.38) |
| Children's self-regulation | Three items: “My child engaged more with school activities”, “My child has become better at organising their school activities”, and “My child has more self-determination and self-regulation with their school activities”. | 5-point Likert scale from 1 = not true at all to 5 = very true. | .89 | 3.23 (1.01) |
| Children's digital skills reported by parents | Three items: “My child has gained more autonomy, such as using digital technology by him/herself for their school activities”, “Overall, my child has become better at using all digital technology for their school activities”, and “My child has become better helping others with digital technology for their school activities”. | 5-point Likert scale from 1 = not true at all to 5 = very true. | .85 | 3.57 (.86) |
| Children's digital skills reported by children |
Six items. Samples: “I know how to join a video conference” and “I know how to use on-line public services”. |
5-point Likert scale from 1 = not at all true of me to 5 = very true of me. |
.84 |
3.58 (.75) |
| Parent-Related Factors | ||||
| Negative attitudes towards digital technology | Three items: “Digital technology use has created new conflicts between family members”, “Digital technology use has increased stress and anxiety levels in my family”, and “My family is experiencing fatigue from overuse of digital technology”. | 5-point scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. | .85 | 3.11 (1.07) |
| Worry about online risks | “Compared to the period before the lockdown, please evaluate how much did you worry – if at all – about these issues during the lockdown?” Six worries: “excessive use”, “dis- and mis-information”, “information disclosure”, “cyberbullying”, “sexting”, “harmful content”, “hate speech online”. | 6-point scale from 1 = I didn't worry at all to 6 = I worried much more than before lockdown. | .93 | 4.45 (1.00) |
| Worry about education | One item: “How worried are you that the coronavirus situation will have a negative impact on your child's education (e.g. falling behind with schoolwork, failing in exams)?” | 5-point scale from 1 = not worried at all to 5 = very worried. | N/A | 3.66 (1.11) |
| Parent's digital skills | Six items. Samples: “I know which information I should and shouldn't share online” and “I find it easy to check if the information I find online is true”. | 5-point scale from 1 = not true at all to 5 = very true. | .84 | 4.21 (.63) |
| Parent's self-efficacy | Six items. Samples: “I find it hard to follow and keep track of my child's schoolwork” and “I am able to motivate my child when she/he loses interest or gets frustrated with their schoolwork”. | 5-point scale from 1 = not true at all to 5 = very true | .71 | 3.35 (.73) |
Note. Children's digital skills reported by children and parents' digital skills were assessed using the same instrument that was adapted by Helsper et al., 2015.