Table 2. Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment After COVID-19 Infection.
| Cognitive domain | Impaired (z score ≤1.5), No. (%) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 740) | Outpatient (n = 379) | ED (n = 165) | Hospitalized (n = 196) | ED vs outpatient | Hospital vs outpatient | |
| Attention | 74 (10) | 19 (5) | 10 (6) | 29 (15) | 0.8 (0.3-2.0) | 2.8 (1.3-5.9) |
| Working memory | 74 (10) | 30 (8) | 17 (10) | 29 (15) | 1.0 (0.5-2.2) | 1.7 (0.8-3.3) |
| Processing speed | 133 (18) | 57 (15) | 21 (13) | 55 (28) | 0.7 (0.4-1.3) | 1.4 (0.8-2.5) |
| Executive functioning | 118 (16) | 45 (12) | 23 (14) | 53 (27) | 1.0 (0.5-1.8) | 1.8 (1.0-3.4) |
| Phonemic fluency | 111 (15) | 42 (11) | 25 (15) | 39 (20) | 0.9 (0.5-1.8) | 1.5 (0.8-2.8) |
| Category fluency | 148 (20) | 49 (13) | 35 (21) | 69 (35) | 1.8 (1.1-3.1) | 3.0 (1.7-5.2) |
| Memory encoding | 178 (24) | 61 (16) | 43 (26) | 73 (37) | 1.7 (1.0-3.0) | 2.3 (1.3-4.1) |
| Memory recall | 170 (23) | 45 (12) | 38 (23) | 76 (39) | 1.5 (0.9-2.6) | 2.2 (1.3-3.8) |
| Memory recognition | 74 (10) | 34 (9) | 20 (12) | 25 (13) | 1.5 (0.8-3.0) | 1.1 (0.5-2.4) |
Abbreviation: ED, emergency department.
a
Adjusted for race and ethnicity, smoking history, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), comorbidities, and depressive symptoms.