Table 2.

Characteristics of Actinomyces viscosus infection published from 1977 to 2020.

Year	Age/Sex	Nation	Underlying Disease	Clinical Presentation	Specimen	Diagnosis	Treatment	Outcome	Ref.
1977	62/F	USA	Nil	Submandibular swelling	Ductal discharge	Submandibular abscess	Flucloxacillin	Recovered	[39]
1977	76/F	USA	Multiple myeloma	Fever with crackle	Blood	Pneumonia	Ampicillin Cloxacillin	Recovered	[39,40]
1978	8/M	USA	Nil	Fever and a cervical mass	Tissue	Neck cellulitis	Phenoxymethyl Penicillin	Recovered
1979	7/F	USA	Fall accident 6 months ago	Enlarging macular lesion on the right lower chest	Chest wall pus	Chest wall abscess with rib involvement	Rib resection Clindamycin	Recovered	[41]
1979	18/M	USA	Nil	Fever (40 °C) Chest pain Cough Hemoptysis	Percutaneous transtracheal aspiration	Pneumonia	Ticarcillin	Recovered	[42]
1979	49/M	USA	Penectomy for carcinoma of the penis	Fever Cough with expectoration Night sweats Chest pain on	Transtracheal aspiration	Pneumonia	Ticarcillin Penicillin	Recovered
1981	27/M	USA	Alcoholism	Fever (38.2 °C) Cough	Biopsy	Lung abscess	Penicillin G	Recovered
1981	21/M	USA	Sickle cell disease	Fever (38 °C) with cold sensation Cough	Tissue	Lung abscess	Penicillin	Recovered	[43]
1984	60/M	USA	Nil	Cough with left chest pain	Tissue	Chest wall abscess	Excision Penicillin	Recovered
1998	55/M	HK	Nil	Epigastric pain and weight loss	Biopsy	Esophageal actinomycosis	Amoxicillin–clavulanate	Recovered	[44]
1998	81/M	USA	Valvular heart disease	Fever (38.5 °C) Depressed mood Suicidal ideation Anorexia Back pain Weight loss	Blood	Endocarditis	Ceftizoxime	Recovered	[45]
1999	78/M	USA	Cataract Hypertension Gout GERD	Severe right eye pain	Vitreous washings	Endophthalmitis	Penicillin	Recovered	[46]
2005	27/F	Italy	Nil	Pain and tenderness in the right breast	Abscess	Breast abscess	Excision Augmentin	Recovered	[47]
2005	43/F	USA	Fever without focus 1 year before	5 days of subjective fever Hemoptysis Productive cough Increased dyspnea on exertion	Aortic valve tissue cytology Previous blood culture	Aortic valve endocarditis	Aortic valve repair Vancomycin, Gentamicin Ceftriaxone	Recovered	[48]
2007	35/F	India	Nil	Fever and throbbing type of pain of back	Pus and biopsy	Mycetoma	Penicillin Cotrimoxazole	Recovered	[49]
2008	17/F	India	ALL under induction chemotherapy	Fever Lung consolidation	Pleural fluid	Empyema	Imipenem–cilastatin	Recovered	[50]
2011	7/F	Tunis	Nil	Fever (39 °C) Vomiting	Purulent liquid from neurosurgical drainage	Subdural empyema	Ampicillin	Death	[51]
2018	74/M	USA	COPD Smoker Psoriatic arthritis on methotrexate	Generalized weakness and difficulty to ambulate	Neck abscess	Neck, lung and brain abscess	Penicillin	Recovered	[10]
2018	23 weeks gestational age/F	USA	(Mother) severe HELLP syndrome Cesarean section	Prematurity	Blood	Neonatal sepsis	Ampicillin Penicillin	Discharge to another healthcare facility	[32]

Abbreviation: GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease; ALL= acute lymphocytic leukemia; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HELLP = hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets.