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. 2021 Oct 11;22(20):10956. doi: 10.3390/ijms222010956

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Proposed mechanism of carfilzomib-induced cardiotoxicity and metformin prophylactic effect in the aged myocardium. Red arrows correspond to carfilzomib’s effect, and green arrows correspond to metformin’s effect. Arrows indicate activation/induction, and blunted lines indicate inhibition. Akt, protein kinase B; AMPKα, AMP-activated kinase α; Bip, binding immunoglobulin protein; Cfz, carfilzomib; Met, metformin; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; LC3B, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B; PP2A, protein phosphatase 2 A; Raptor, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR.