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Intracellular ATP levels of CCD-18Co cells in the presence of IONPs using CellTiter Glo 2.0 assay. (A) ATP levels of cells exposed to PEO-IONPs at increasing concentrations for 24 h; (B) ATP levels of cells exposed to GM3-IONPs at increasing concentrations for 48 h. Data is expressed as Mean ± SD (n = 3); Statistical analysis—Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); ** p-value < 0.01, and *** p-value < 0.001.
