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. 2021 Sep 24;10(10):2007. doi: 10.3390/plants10102007

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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TNF-α level in human macrophages: (A) Pretreatment with lotus petal extracts for 6 h prior to LPS inflammatory stimulation for 6 h, (B) LPS stimulation for 6 h and post-treatment with lotus petal extracts for 6 h. Anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, ASA; dexamethasone, DEX) were tested along with the extracts. Levels of TNF-α were determined from cell culture supernatant using ELISA. RPMI-10 is culture medium, PE stands for petal extract, SO for Soxhlet extraction, EA for ethyl acetate, ET for ethyl alcohol, LO for low lethal concentration (5%), HI for high lethal concentration (10%), and * denotes p < 0.05.