Androgen receptor knockout increases the TBI-induced Beclin-1 expression after brain injury. (A) TBI increases Beclin-1 expression. However, knockout of androgen receptor further increases Beclin-1 expression 4 h after injury. (B) Quantitative level of Beclin-1 expression at 4 h following TBI. (C) Beclin-1 expression shows a significant increase in ARKO mice, compared with WT mice in 24 h following TBI. (D) Quantitative level of Beclin-1 expression at 24 h following TBI. All data are presented as the mean ± standard error. NS, no significant difference; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001; n = 3 in each group.