Table 2.

Diagnostic accuracy of AGEs.

Study	Comparison	Reference Test	Index Test	AUC	Sensitivity	Specificity
Swiderska et al. [30]	Low steatosis (BARD score 0–1) vs. moderate steatosis (BARD score 2–4)	BARD score	AGE fluorescence (>2.77 AFU/mg)	0.76	70%	84%
Palma-Duran et al. [32]	Healthy controls vs. NAFLD	Elevated liver enzymes, ultrasound hepatic steatosis evidence, and exclusion of other liver injuries	CML, CEL, pentosidine, CML/sRAGE	<0.78 **	NA	NA
			CEL/sRAGE (>6.9 mmol/pmol)	0.85	81%	77%
			AGE */sRAGE (>7.8 mmol/pmol)	0.85	81%	77%
			AGE fluo/sRAGE (>87.4 AU/ng)	0.83	80%	79%
Hyogo et al. [35]	NAFL vs. NASH	Biopsy	GA-AGE (>8.53/mL)	0.78	66.7%	88.9%

*—AGE represents the sum of CML, CEL, and pentosidine serum levels; **—no exact value was reported. AFU—arbitrary fluorescence unit, AUC—area under curve, NAFLD—non-alcoholic fatty liver, CML—N-(carboxymethyl)lysine, CEL—N-(carboxyethyl)lysine, GA-AGE—glyceraldehyde-derived AGE, sRAGE—soluble variant of the AGE receptor, BARD score—risk of advanced fibrosis in NAFLD.