Table 2.
Quality assessment scores based on the Black and Downs checklist.
| Study (Year Published) |
Reporting | External Validity | Internal Validity (Bias) | Internal Validity (Confounding) | Power | Total Score | Quality of Study | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (28) | % | |||||||
| Costello et al. (2012) | 8 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 20 | 71 | Good |
| De Nardi et al. (2020) | 7 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 20 | 71 | Good |
| De Nardi et al. (2017) | 7 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 18 | 64 | Fair |
| De Nardi et al. (2015) | 7 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 18 | 64 | Fair |
| Ferreira-Junior et al. (2014) | 9 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 20 | 71 | Good |
| Mila-Kierzenkowska et al. (2013) | 7 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 19 | 67 | Fair |
| Mila-Kierzenkowska et al. (2011) | 6 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 50 | Poor |
| Mila-Kierzenkowska et al. (2009) | 5 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 14 | 50 | Poor |
| Partridge et al. (2021) | 9 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 23 | 82 | Good |
| Wozniak et al. (2013) | 6 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 16 | 57 | Fair |
| Wozniak et al. (2007) | 5 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 15 | 53 | Fair |
| Wozniak et al. (2007) | 6 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 16 | 57 | Fair |
| Total for studies | 82 | 30 | 54 | 44 | 3 | |||
| % for studies | 68.3 | 83.3 | 64.3 | 61.1 | 25.0 | |||
| Average | 6.8 | 2.5 | 4.5 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 17.8 | 63.1 | Fair |
All criteria were scored on the following scale: Yes = 1; No = 0 and Unable to Determine = 0.