Table 1.

Different common ingredients are used for the preparation of the vesicular systems for topical or transdermal application.

Type	Composition	Characteristics	Preparation Method	References
Micelles	Block–Polymer Chitosan grafted with palmitoyl Poly(D,L-lactide)-b-methoxy-PEG Poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate)-b-PEG PEG-b-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (cyclic RGD peptide-modified) Surfactant Pluronics	Monolayer vesicles forming agent Permeation enhancer and to improve stability	Simple dissolution Dialysis Oil-in-water emulsion Solvent evaporation Lyophilization	[7,28,29,30,38,44,45]
Liposomes	Phospholipids 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero3-phospocholine monohydrate Soya phosphatidylcholine Egg L-α phosphatidylcholine Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Hydrogenated lysolecithin Stabilizer Cholesterol Polyethylene glycol Organic Solution Chloroform Isopropyl alcohol Ethanol Buffering Agent PBS buffer 7.4 pH	Bilayer vesicles forming agent Rigidity and stabilizer to bilayer vesicle As a solvent As a hydration medium	Rotary flask evaporation—sonication method Thin-film hydration technique Sonication method French press cell method Freeze–thaw method	[15,19,20,22,31]
Ethosome	Phospholipids Soya phosphatidylcholine DPPG (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol) Egg L-α phosphatidylcholine Organic Solution Ethanol (20–45%) Isopropyl alcohol Stabilizer Propylene glycol Cholesterol Dicetyl phosphate/Stearylamine Permeation Enhancer Propylene glycol Ethanol Tween 80 Span 80 Buffering Agent PBS buffer 7.4 pH	Bilayer vesicles forming agent, the base of the vesicles of which are biocompatible As a solvent and fluidized the bilayer, ethanol can induce hydrocarbon inter-digitation and increases inter-membrane separation in the gel phase For providing stability to vesicle membrane and entrapment efficiency of drugs, prevent aggregation of the vesicles For providing the softness for vesicle membrane and as a penetration enhancer As a hydration medium	Classical cold method Hot method Ethanol injection Sonication method Thin-film hydration method Reverse-phase evaporation method Transmembrane pH-gradient method	[2,46,47,48]
Transfersomes	Phospholipids Soya phosphatidylcholine Lecithin Egg L-α phosphatidylcholine Edge Activator Surfactant Sodium deoxycholate Sodium cholate Sodium oleate Tween 80 Span 80 Organic solution Ethanol Methanol Buffering Agent PBS buffer 7.4 pH	Vesicles forming ingredient, and with the combination of edge activator it forms the flexible bilayer Vesicles forming components and deforming agent and flexibility producing ingredient; they act as permeation enhancers As a solvent medium As the hydrating agent and aqueous medium	Rotary flask Evaporation–sonication method Thin-film hydration technique Ethanol injection method	[2,4,9,41,42,43]
Transethosomes	Phospholipids Soya phosphatidylcholine Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine Distearoyl phosphatidylcholine Egg L-α phosphatidylcholine Organic Solution Ethanol Isopropyl alcohol Surfactant Sodium deoxycholate Sodium cholate Sodium oleate Linoleic acid Oleic acid Stabilizer Propylene glycol Cholesterol Permeation Enhancer Propylene glycol Ethanol Tween 80 Span 80 Buffering Agent PBS buffer 7.4 pH	Bilayer vesicles forming agent, base of the vesicles which are biocompatible As a solvent and fluidized the bilayer of vesicles Deforming agent and flexibility producing ingredient, they act as a permeation enhancer Vesicles forming components and deforming agent and flexibility producing ingredient For providing the stability to the vesicle membrane As a hydrating medium	Classical cold method Hot method Ethanol injection Sonication method Thin-film hydration method Reverse-phase evaporation method	[2,4,35,43]