Table 3.
Recent research on ultraflexible liposome generation systems.
| Vesicular Carrier-Based Dosage Form | Drug | Category of Drug | Dosage Form | Disease | Outcomes | Year/Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethosome and transethosome | Mangiferin | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory | Transdermal delivery system | Skin disorders related to pollutants. Potent carcinogens: cigarette smoke can cause melanoma, atopic dermatitis, and eczema. | Ethosomal approach offers a new delivery system for targeted delivery of mangiferin. | 2021 [77] |
| Ethosome-based hydrogel | Carvedilol | Anti-hypertensive | Topical delivery | Hypertension | Improved percutaneous permeation and sustained release of carvedilol, and increases in bioavailability. | 2021 [70] |
| Binary ethosomes | Fisetin | Anticancer | Transdermal delivery system | Cancer | Alternative dosage forms for the management of skin cancer; fluidized the rigid membrane of the skin of rats for smoother penetration of fisetin transethosomes. | 2019 [34] |
| Ethosome gel | Carvedilol | Anti-hypertensive | Transdermal delivery system | Hypertensive angina pectoris | Enhances skin permeation of drugs and reaches into the systemic circulation. | 2019 [35] |
| Liposomes, ethosomes, and transfersomes: nanovesicular hydrogels | Diflunisal | Anti-inflammatory Anti-nociceptive analgesic |
Transdermal delivery system | Inflammatory diseases | Deeper penetration of drugs into different layers of skin; shows systemic circulation. | 2019 [7] |
| Polyethyleneimine and sodium-cholate-modified ethosomes | Doxorubicin and curcumin | Anticancer | Transdermal delivery system | Melanoma | A combination of cytotoxic agents and chemosensitizers as well as nanocarriers can help to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer. | 2019 [36] |
| Ethosomes and lipid-coated chitosan | Ferrous chlorophyllin | Anticancer | Transdermal delivery system | Squamous-cell carcinoma | Potential for the treatment of SCC using PDT. A higher PDT effect was observed both quantitatively and qualitatively with PC/CHI in SCC monolayers and 3D spheroids compared to ethosomes. |
2019 [37] |
| Ethosome and liposomes | Rosmarinic acid (RA) | Anti-aging, antioxidant, anti-collagenase, anti-elastase |
Transdermal delivery system | Protects against free radicals and reduces wrinkles; inhibition of elastase enzyme | Ethosome and liposomes improved and increased RA skin penetration significantly. | 2019 [39] |
| Ethosomal hydrogel | Resveratrol | Anti-aging, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory |
Transdermal delivery system | Extrinsic skin ageing, psoriasis | Enhanced skin permeation and retention; permeation flux, and skin deposition were also found to be improved compared to conventional cream. | 2019 [13] |
| Microneedle- loaded ethosome |
Paeoniflorin | Anti-inflammatory | Transdermal delivery system | Rheumatoid arthritis | Combination of technology to enhance the penetration of paeoniflorin. | 2018 [40] |
| Transfersomal gel | Miconazole nitrate | Antifungal | Transdermal delivery system | Superficial fungal infections, Candida skin infections | Transfersomal gel showed higher antifungal activity than marketed conventional formulation. | 2018 [41] |
| Polyamido amine dendrimer G3 transfersomal gel |
Lidocaine | Local anesthetics | Topical delivery | Reduces pain from sunburns and insect bites |
Permeation and localization of drug in skin tissue. Prolongs the activity of lidocaine in a sustained manner. | 2019 [9] |
| Ethanol-based malleable liposomes | Cytarabine | Anticancer | Transdermal delivery system | Acute myeloid leukemia | Alternative delivery of drugs for the treatment of leukemia, with low side effects and sustained release. | 2018 [42] |
| Vesicles with a physical method combination | Calcein | Fluorescent dye | Transdermal delivery system | Amalgamations of ethosomes and electroporation or a physical sonoporation method to enhance the model drug’s penetration into skin layers. | 2018 [43] | |
| Ethosomes and transfersomes | Sulforaphane | Anticancer and antiproliferative | Transdermal delivery system | Melanoma | Both vesicle types have enhanced percutaneous permeation. | 2019 [78] |
| Ethosomes | AgNPs and sericin | Anticancer | Transdermal delivery system | Non-melanoma skin carcinoma | Novel loom for treatment of non-melanoma skin carcinoma (NMSC). | 2021 [79] |
| Transethosome | Brucine and strychnine | Anticancer | Transdermal delivery system | liver cancer | Transethosome targets the hepatoma cells and sustains the release of drugs for a prolonged time to prevent the proliferation of cells. | 2021 [71] |
| Binary ethosome | Aprepitant | Morpholine-based antiemetic | Transdermal delivery system | Highly emetogenic chemotherapy | Binary ethosome improved the permeation of the biopharmaceutics classification system BCS-IV drug aprepitant into the skin, compared to suspension. | 2021 [80] |
| Ethosomes | Celecoxib and paclitaxel | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and anticancer | Transdermal delivery system | Inflammation and cancer | Both drugs’ solubility was enhanced, and their penetration into skin was improved by ethosome carriers. | 2020 [81] |