Table 1.
Characteristics of the patients and products included in the study, stratified by patient age.
| Characteristics | Patient Age | Statistical Test |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Newborns and Infants 0–1 Year (n = 92) |
Toddlers and Preschoolers 2–5 Years (n = 372) |
Grade-Schoolers 6–11 Years (n = 164) |
||
| Sex | χ2 b: p = 0.77 | |||
| Female | 48 (53) a | 199 (54) | 79 (50) | |
| Male | 43 (47) | 171 (46) | 78 (50) | |
| missing data | 1 | 2 | 7 | |
| Treatment exposure | χ2: p < 0.001 | |||
| Previous exposure | 20 (22) | 155 (42) | 88 (54) | |
| First exposure | 72 (78) | 217 (58) | 76 (46) | |
| Setting | χ2: p = 0.007 | |||
| Community | 31 (34) | 160 (43) | 48 (29) | |
| Hospital | 61 (66) | 212 (57) | 116 (71) | |
| Country | χ2: p < 0.001 | |||
| France | 32 (35) | 135 (36) | 39 (24) | |
| Morocco | 23 (25) | 68 (18) | 42 (26) | |
| Japan | 18 (20) | 71 (19) | 36 (22) | |
| Norway | 2 (2) | 36 (10) | 12 (7) | |
| India | 2 (2) | 25 (7) | 23 (14) | |
| Germany | 10 (11) | 21 (6) | 3 (2) | |
| England | 5 (5) | 16 (4) | 9 (5) | |
| 5th level (chemical substance) of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system | χ2: p < 0.001 | |||
| Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (co-amoxiclav) |
20 (22) | 75 (20) | 25 (15) | |
| Amoxicillin | 17 (18) | 57 (15) | 20 (12) | |
| Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (ST-mixture) |
19 (21) | 41 (11) | 25 (15) | |
| Cefpodoxime | 7 (8) | 36 (10) | 14 (9) | |
| Cefaclor | 2 (2) | 34 (9) | 17 (10) | |
| Josamycin | 20 (22) | 23 (6) | 6 (4) | |
| Cefixime | 3 (3) | 26 (7) | 15 (9) | |
| Fusidic acid | 3 (3) | 21 (6) | 16 (10) | |
| Phenoxymethylpenicillin | 0 (0) | 25 (7) | 9 (5) | |
| Other (<5%) | 1 (1) | 34 (9) | 17 (10) | |
|
Pharmaceutical form
categories |
χ2: p < 0.001 | |||
| Oral liquids c | 92 (100) | 357 (96) | 137 (84) | |
| Solid oral dosage form | 0 (0) | 15 (4) | 27 (16) | |
an (%): number and percentages; b χ2: Pearson’s chi-squared test p-value; c Oral liquids encompass ready to-use oral liquids (i.e., oral solutions or suspensions) as well as reconstituted oral liquids (i.e., powders or effervescent tablets which must be dissolved or dispersed in a liquid prior to administration).