Table 1.
Toxocara seropositivity in epileptic patients and healthy people (control group) according to sociodemographic characteristics subjected to analysis using the Pearson’s chi-square test.
| Variable | Patients with Epilepsy [n = 94] | Healthy Controls [n = 88] |
p Value |
ORcrude
(95%CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | Number Sero- Positive (%) |
Number (%) | Number Sero- Positive (%) |
|||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 50 (53.2) | 18 (36) | 29 (33) | 10 (34.48) | 0.89 | 1.07 (0.41–2.79) |
| Female | 44 (46.8) | 19 (43.18) | 59 (67) | 13 (22.41) | 0.02 ** | 2.69 (1.14–6.34) |
| Age | ||||||
| ≤18 | 13 (13.8) | 2 (15.38) | 10 (11.4) | 3 (30.00) | 0.62 * | 0.42 (0.06–3.21) |
| 19–39 | 43 (45.7) | 15 (34.88) | 45 (51.1) | 12 (26.67) | 0.40 | 1.47 (0.59–3.66) |
| 40–59 | 25 (26.6) | 13 (52.00) | 23 (27.3) | 5 (21.74) | 0.03 ** | 3.90 (1.10–13.80) |
| ≥60 | 13 (13.8) | 7 (53.85) | 9 (10.2) | 3 (33.33) | 0.41 * | 2.33 (0.40–13.61) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 32 (34) | 13 (40.63) | 32 (36.4) | 9 (28.13) | 0.29 | 1.75 (0.62–4.97) |
| Rural | 62 (66) | 24 (38.71) | 56 (63.6) | 14 (25) | 0.11 | 1.89 (0.86–4.18) |
| Education | ||||||
| Illiterate | 12 (12.8) | 5 (41.67) | 25 (28.4) | 7 (28) | 0.47 * | 1.84 (0.43–7.77) |
| Primary school | 31 (33) | 11 (35.48) | 27 (30.7) | 8 (30.77) | 0.63 | 1.31 (0.43–3.95) |
| High school | 40 (42.6) | 15 (37.50) | 28 (31.8) | 7 (25) | 0.28 | 1.80 (0.62–5.24) |
| College and above | 11 (11.6) | 6 (54.55) | 8 (9.1) | 1 (12.50) | 0.14 * | 8.40 (0.76–93.34) |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Farmer | 14 (14.9) | 7 (50) | 31 (35.2) | 8 (26.67) | 0.17 * | 2.88 (0.77–10.77) |
| House-wife | 26 (27.7) | 13 (50) | 36 (40.9) | 9 (25) | 0.04 | 3.00 (1.02–8.81) |
| Other | 54 (57.4) | 17 (31.48) | 21 (23.9) | 6 (28.57) | 0.80 | 1.15 (0.38–3.48) |
| Dog contact | ||||||
| No | 83 (88.3) | 32 (38.55) | 16 (18.2) | 4 (25) | 0.30 | 1.88 (0.56–6.34) |
| Yes | 11 (11.7) | 5 (45.45) | 72 (81.8) | 19 (26.39) | 0.28 * | 2.32 (0.64, 8.51) |
| Cat contact | ||||||
| No | 81 (86.2) | 29 (35.80) | 75 (85.2) | 20 (26.67) | 0.22 | 1.53 (0.77–3.04) |
| Yes | 13 (13.8) | 8 (61.54) | 13 (14.8) | 3 (23.08) | 0.05 | 5.33 (0.97–29.39) |
|
Frequent contact
with soil |
||||||
| No | 57 (60.6) | 22 (38.6) | 41 (46.6) | 9 (21.95) | 0.08 | 2.23 (0.90–5.56) |
| Yes | 37 (39.4) | 15 (40.54) | 47 (53.4) | 14 (29.79) | 0.30 | 1.61 (0.65–3.98) |
|
Eating unwashed
vegetables |
||||||
| No | 49 (52.1) | 20 (40.82) | 39 (44.3) | 8 (20.51) | 0.04 ** | 2.67 (1.02–7.01) |
| Yes | 45 (47.9) | 17 (37.78) | 49 (55.7) | 15 (30.61) | 0.46 | 1.38 (0.58–3.24) |
| Eating raw or undercooked meat | ||||||
| No | 52 (55.3) | 20 (38.46) | 52 (59.1) | 14 (26.92) | 0.21 | 1.69 (0.74–3.89) |
| Yes | 42 (44.7) | 17 (40.48) | 36 (40.9) | 9 (25) | 0.14 | 2.04 (0.77–5.40) |
| Drinking water source | ||||||
| Treated | 56 (59.6) | 25 (44.64) | 50 (56.8) | 15 (30) | 0.12 | 1.88 (0.84–4.20) |
| Untreated | 38 (40.4) | 12 (31.58) | 38 (43.2) | 8 (21.05) | 0.29 | 1.73 (0.61–4.88) |
| Relative with a history of epilepsy | ||||||
| Yes | 27 (28.7) | 11 (40.74) | 2 (2.3) | 1 (50) | 1 * | 0.69 (0.04–12.20) |
| No | 67 (71.3) | 26 (38.81) | 86 (97.7) | 22 (25.58) | 0.08 | 1.84 (0.93–3.68) |
|
Parental history of
epilepsy |
||||||
| Yes | 21 (22.3) | 8 (38.10) | 7 (8) | 0 (0) | 0.07 * | 9.44 (0.48–187.54) |
| No | 73 (77.7) | 29 (39.73) | 81 (92) | 23 (28.40) | 0.13 | 1.66 (0.85–3.26) |
* Fisher exact test was used for these variables; ** statistically significant.