Figure 1.

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by aqueous turmeric root extract, curcumin-containing nutritional supplement capsules, and curcumin. Decreasing concentrations of aqueous turmeric root extract (1:8–1:1024 dilution), nutritional supplement capsules (468.8–3.7 µg/mL), and curcumin (125–1 µg/mL) were pre-incubated with 100 TCID₅₀ of SARS-CoV-2 for one hour and subsequently added to confluent Vero E6 cells. After 48 h, cells were stained with crystal violet and analyzed for cytopathic effects using transmitted light microscopy. The experiment was performed three times independently. Representative images are displayed. NC = negative control (medium); PC = positive control (100 TCID₅₀ SARS-CoV-2); scale bar = 200 µm.