Table 2.
Antioxidant activity evaluation of microalgae extracts by in vitro chemical methods (AA: ascorbic acid, AAE: ascorbic acid equivalent, ABS: absorbance, Ac: acetone, AcOH: acetic acid, AIOLA: AAPH induced oxidation of linoleic acid, BHA: butylated hydroxyanisole, BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene, CCA: copper-chelating activity, CHCl3: chloroform, conc.: concentration, Co-Q10: co-enzyme Q10, DCM: dichloromethane, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DW: dry weight, Eq: equivalent, EtOAC: ethyl acetate, EtOH: ethanol, FA: fatty acid, FCA: ferrous-chelating activity, FRAP: ferric-reducing antioxidant power, FTC: ferric thiocyanate assay, FW: fresh weight, GC-MS: gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, Hex: hexane, IC50: inhibition concentration 50, inhib.: inhibition, i-PrOH: isopropanol, MeOH: methanol, ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity, PBS: phosphate buffer saline, PE: petroleum ether, PLE: pressurized liquid extraction, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid, TAC: total antioxidant capacity, TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, TE: trolox equivalent, TEAC: trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, temp.: temperature, TPC: total phenolic compounds, US: ultrasounds, α-toco.: α-tocopherol).
| Microalgae Species | Antioxidant Assay | Composition Analyses | Antioxidant Activity | Positive Control | Molecules Involved in Antioxidant Activity | Method of Extraction | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grammatophora marina | (i) DPPH (ii) FCA (iii) hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (iv) superoxide radical scavenging activity (v) hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (vi) nitric oxide scavenging activity |
- | extracts at 2000 µg mL−1
(i) 41–86% inhib. (ii) 21–81% inhib. (iii) 14–25% inhib. (iv) 24–45% inhib. (v) 10–35% inhib. (vi) 12–33% inhib. |
α-toco. and BHT at 2000 µg mL−1 (i) 70 and 72% inhib (ii) 10 and 11% inhib. (iii) 74 and 67% inhib. (iv) 33 and 64% inhib (v) 79 and 77% inhib. (vi) 43 and 56% inhib. | - | maceration 80% MeOH or enzymatic lysis (5 carbohydrases and 5 proteases tested) | [93] |
| Chlorella vulgaris | (i) DPPH (ii) TEAC (iii) ORAC (iv) FRAP | TPC | (i) 0.8 µmol TE g−1 DW (ii) 15 µmol TE g−1 DW (iii) 31 µmol TE g−1 DW (iv) 0.6 µmol TE g−1 DW | - | phenolic compounds | US (30 min, room temp.) EtOH 50% | [94] |
| Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros muelleri, Pavlova salina, Pavlova lutheri, Tetraselmis suecica, Tetraselmis sp., Tetraselmis chui, Nannochloropsis sp., Isochrysis galbana | ORAC | TPC, total carotenoids | 45–577 µmol TE g−1 DW | - | - | maceration + EtOAC, Hex or H2O | [95] |
| Scenedesmus obliquus | (i) DPPH (ii) TEAC (iii) superoxide radical scavenging activity (iv) nitric oxide scavenging activity | carotenoids, PUFA | (i) IC50: 412–878 µg mL−1 (ii) IC50: 41–648 µg mL−1 (iii) IC50: 520–1236 µg mL−1 (iv) IC50 = 60 µg mL−1 | - | - | maceration (20 min 40 °C) + EtOH, Ac, ethyl lactate or Hex/i-PrOH (3/2) | [96] |
| Scenedesmus sp. + 4 Scenedesmus quadricauda strains | (i) DPPH (ii) β-carotene bleaching | TPC, tannins, iridoids | (i) 6–70% inhib. (extracts at 200 µg mL−1) (ii) 24–92% inhib. (extracts at 400 µg mL−1) | (i) AA: 98% inhib. at200 µg mL−1 (ii) BHT: 70% inhib. at 400 µg mL−1 | phenolic compounds | maceration + US (30 min, in ice) + MeOH 50%, PE or DCM | [82] |
| Chlorella minutissima | (i) DPPH (ii) β-carotene bleaching | TPC, tannins, iridoids, pigments | (i) 10–70% inhib. (extracts at 200 µg mL−1) (ii) IC50: 75–600 µg mL−1 | (i) AA: 97% inhib. at 200 µg mL−1 (ii) IC50 BHT = 60.7 µg mL−1 | carotenoids, phenolic compounds | maceration (1 night) + US (30 min, in ice) + MeOH, PE or DCM | [44] |
| Chlorella minutissima + 2 Chlorella sp. strains. | (i) DPPH (ii) β-carotene bleaching | TPC, tannins, flavonoids, iridoids | (i) 25–100% inhib. (extracts at 200 µg mL−1) (ii) IC50: 25–450 µg mL−1 | (i) AA: 97% inhib. at 200 µg mL−1 (ii) IC50 BHT = 61 µg mL−1 | - | maceration (1 night) + US (30 min, in ice) MeOH, PE or DCM | [48] |
| Ammatoidea normanii, Ruttnera lamellose, Pavlova granifera, Apistonema sp., 2 Cryptomonas pyrenoidifera strains, Porphyridium aerugineum, Porphyridium sordidum, Audorinella sp., Phragmonema sordidum, 3 Characiopsis aquilonaris strains, Characiopsis ovalis, 2 Characiopsis sp. strains, Characiopsis minima, Pseudostaurastrum enorme, Goniochloris sculpta, Eustigmatos sp., Vischeria helvetica, Chlorobotrys gloeothece, Chlorobotrys sp., Dioxys sp., Coronastrum aestivale, Chlorella vulgaris, Mychonastes homosphaera, Gloeococcus minor, Pectodyction cubicum, Jaagiella apicola, Schizomeris leibleinii, Interfilum paradoxum, Micrasterias radiosa var. elegantior, Haematococcus pluvialis, Lobomonas sp., Stephanosphaera pluvialis, Bumilleria sicula, Euglena cantabrica | (i) DPPH (ii) TEAC | - | (i) IC50: 44–1421 mg FW mL−1
(ii) 5–195 mg AAE 100 g−1 FW and 17–258 mg TE 100 g−1 FW |
- | - | US (30 min, dark) + maceration (1 night, −4 °C) + EtOH | [6] |
| Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella sorokiniana, Nannochloropsis granulata, Neochloropsis oleabundans, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Porphyridium aerugineum, Scenedesmus obliquus, Scenedesmus sp., Tetraselmis chuii | (i) DPPH (ii) ORAC | TPC, carotenoids, lipids, FA | (i) <50% inhib. (extracts at 200 µg mL−1) (ii) 7–53 µmol TE g−1 DW | - | phenolic compounds and lipids | maceration MeOH (DPPH) or PLE Hex/DCM (50/50)(70 °C) and then Ac/H2O/AcOH (70/29.5/0.5) (80 °C) (ORAC) | [97] |
| Chlorella kessleri | (i) DPPH (ii) TEAC (iii) reducing power | total carotenoids, chlorophylls a and b | (i) 1–4% inhib. (extracts at 2500 µg mL−1) (ii) 196–346 µmol TE g−1 extract (iii) ABS700: 0,266–0,473 (extracts at 2500 µg mL−1) | - | - | maceration MeOH | [98] |
| Scenedesmus sp. | (i) DPPH (ii) FRAP | TPC, flavonoids, carotenoids | (i) 0.6–3.7 µmol TE g−1 DW (ii) 2.8–47.0 µmol TE g−1 DW |
- | - | US (20 min) + maceration (1 h) EtOH/H2O (3:1), Hex, EtOAc, or H2O | [99] |
| Botryococcus braunii | ORAC | - | 43 µmol TE g−1 extract | - | - | grinding + PBS | [90] |
| Euglena tuba | (i) DPPH (ii) TBARS (iii) superoxide radical scavenging activity (iv) hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (v) peroxynitrite scavenging activity (vi) singlet oxygen scavenging activity (vii) hypochlorous acid scavenging activity |
TPC, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, AA | (i) IC50 = 146 µg mL−1
(ii) IC50 = 42 µg mL−1 (iii) IC50 = 5.8 µg mL−1 (iv) IC50 = 47340 µg mL−1 (v) IC50 = 278 µg mL−1 (vi) IC50 = 2821 µg mL−1 (vii) IC50 = 879 µg mL−1 (viii) IC50 = 223 µg mL−1 |
(i) IC50 AA = 5.3 µg mL−1
(ii) IC50 mannitol = 571.4 µg mL−1 (ii) IC50 quercetin = 42.1 µg mL−1 (iv) IC50 sodium pyruvate = 3.2 mg mL−1 (v) IC50 curcumin = 90.8 µg mL−1 (vi) IC50 gallic acid = 0.88 mg mL−1 (vii) IC50 lipoic acid = 0.05 mg mL−1 (viii) IC50 AA = 236.0 µg mL−1 |
- | maceration (15 h) + MeOH 70% | [49] |
| 3 Chlorella sp. strain | (i) DPPH (ii) FCA (iii)TBARS | TPC | (i) IC50: 810–1400 µg mL−1
(ii) IC50: 1220–1500 µg mL−1 (iii) 5.9–88% inhib. (extracts at 4000 µg mL−1) |
(i) IC50 BHT = 50 µg mL−1 (ii) IC50 EDTA = 28 µg mL−1 (iii) BHT 94% inhib. (conc. not specified) | - | grinding (20 min) + H2O 80 °C 20 min or maceration (24h) + EtOH 95% | [100] |
| Nephroselmis sp., Tetraselmis sp., Dunaliella sp., Picochlorum sp., Schizochlamydella sp., 2 Nitzschia sp. strain, Thalassiosira weissflogi, Entomoneis punctulata, Cylindrotheca closterium, Chaetoceros sp., Bacillaria sp. | (i) DPPH (ii) TEAC (iii) ORAC (iv) TBARS | carotenoids composition | (i) IC50 from 484 to >1000 µg mL−1 (ii) IC50 from 193 to >1000 µg mL−1 (iii) 0–190 µg TE mg−1 extract (iv) IC50: 15.4–473.6 µg mL−1 extract |
(i) IC50 trolox = 4.7 µg mL−1, α-toco. = 6.2 µg mL−1, AA = 8.7 µg mL−1, β-carotene = 257.3 µg mL−1, astaxanthin = 228.6 µg mL−1
(ii) IC50 trolox = 6.4 µg mL−1, α-toco. = 10.8 µg mL−1, AA = 6.1 µg mL−1, β-carotene = 37.0 µg mL−1, astaxanthin = 98.5 µg mL−1 (iv) IC50 trolox = 0.2 µg mL−1, α-toco. = 1.3 µg mL−1 |
carotenoids | US (60 min) + MeOH/DCM (50/50) | [7] |
| Nephroselmis sp. | ORAC | carotenoids composition | 63.6–154.9 µmol TE g−1 DW | - | carotenoids | grinding + maceration (30 min, room temp., dark) + EtOH | [22] |
| Tetraselmis sp. | TBARS | - | IC50: 3.4–11.3 µg mL−1 extract | IC50 trolox = 0.2 µg mL−1, IC50 α-toco. = 1.3 µg mL−1 | - | grinding + US (10 min., ice bath, dark) + MeOH/DCM (50/50) | [21] |
| Tetraselmis chuii, Nannochloropsis oculata, Chlorella minutissima, Rhodomonas salina | (i) DPPH (ii) FCA (iii) CCA | TPC | extracts at 1000 µg mL−1
(i) 0–21% inhib. (ii) 12–98% inhib. (iii) 12–22% inhib. |
conc. at 1000 µg mL−1
(i) BHT: 88% inhib. (ii) EDTA: 95% inhib. (iii) EDTA: 74% inhib. |
- | grinding + maceration (1 nuit) + Hex or MeOH | [45] |
| Isochrysis galbana T-iso, Tetraselmis sp., Scenedesmus sp. | (i) DPPH (ii) FCA (iii) CCA | TPC, FA | (i) IC50 > 1000 µg mL−1
(ii) IC50: 730–4110 µg mL−1 (iii) IC50: 900 µg mL−1 to >10000 µg mL−1 |
(i) IC50 BHT = 70 µg mL−1
(ii) IC50 EDTA = 100 µg mL−1 (iii) IC50 EDTA = 280 µg mL−1 |
- | grinding + Hex, and, Ac and H2O in sequential order | [101] |
| Chlorococcum minutum | (i) TAC (ii) reducing power | TPC | (i) 2.5–10 mg AAE g−1 extract (ii) 1–4 mg AAE g−1 extract |
- | phenolic compounds | maceration (72 h) EtOH, MeOH, or Ac | [102] |
| Chaetoceros calcitrans | (i) DPPH (ii) TEAC (iii) FCA | TPC, major phenolic compounds, total carotenoids totaux, fucoxanthin | (i) 0.1–1.4 mg TE g−1 DW (ii) 1.2–10.6 mg TE g−1 DW (iii) 0.3–18.5 mg Na-EDTA Eq g−1 DW | - | carotenoids and phenolic compounds | grinding + US (30 min, room temp.) + MeOH, EtOH, Ac, Ac 90%, Ac/CHCl3 (90/10) or Ac/CHCl3/MeOH (80/10/10) | [103] |
| Chaetoceros calcitrans, Isochrysis galbana, Skeletonema costatum, Odontella sinensis, Phaedactylum tricornatum | (i) TEAC (ii) FRAP (iii) FCA (iv) β-carotene bleaching | TPC, major phenolic compounds, total carotenoids totaux, fucoxanthin | (i) 2.0–21.5 mg TE g−1 DW (ii) 0.2–2.0 mg TE g−1 DW (iii) 1.5–13.4 mg EDTA eq g−1 DW (iv) 0.1–1.4 mg TE g−1 DW | - | carotenoids and phenolic compounds | grinding + MeOH | [104] |
| Chaetoceros sp., Nannochloropsis sp. | (i) DPPH (ii) FRAP (iii) FCA (iv) superoxide radical scavenging activity | TPC | (i) 14.0–106.7 µmol TE g−1 extract (ii) 171.5–609.8 µmol TE g−1 extract (iii) 3.2–82.4 µmol EDTA Eq g−1 extract (iv) 227.9–3224.5 µmol TE g−1 extract | - | - | maceration (24 h) + Hex, DCM, CHCl3 or MeOH | [86] |
| Nannochloropsis oculata, Nannochloropsis sp., Isochrysis sp., Isochrysis ISO-T, Tetraselmis sp., Tetraselmis suecica, Botryococcus braunii, Porphyridium cruentum, Neochloris oleabundans, Chaetoceros calcitrans, Chlorella vulgaris, Haematococcus pluvialis (red and green phase), Parachlorella kessleri, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Schizochytrium sp. | (i) TEAC (ii) FRAP (iii) AIOLA | TPC, total carotenoids | (i) 0–69 µmol TE g−1 DW (ii) 3.3–90 µmol TE g−1 DW (iii) 1.8–89.7 µmol TE g−1 DW | - | carotenoids and phenolic compounds | grinding + maceration (30 min) + EtOH/H2O (3/1) or Hex, EtOAc and H2O (80 °C) in sequential order | [10] |
| Phaeodactylum tricurnutum, 2 Chlorella vulgaris strains, Haematococcus pluvialis, Scenedesmus maximus, Scenedesmus obliquus, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Desmodesmus pleimorphus, Nannochloropsis sp., Pavlova lutheri, Porphyridium aerugineum | TEAC | carotenoids | 0.8–149 mg L−1 AAE µg−1 chlorophyll a | - | - | grinding + EtOH 50% | [105] |
| Galdieria sulphuraria, Ettlia carotinosa, Neochloris texensis, Chlorella minutissima, Stichococcus bacillaris, Schizochytrium limacinum, Crypthecodinium cohnii, Chlorella vulgaris | DPPH | TPC | 89–95% inhib. (extracts at 250 µg mL−1) | BHT: 98% inhib. at 250 µg mL−1 | TPC | US (20 min) MeOH or maceration H2O (100 °C, 30 min) | [106] |
| Chlorella stigmatophora, Phaeodactylum tricornutum | (i) Superoxide radical scavenging activity (ii) hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (iii) hypochlorous acid scavenging activity |
- | (i) IC50: 48–170 µg mL−1 (ii) IC50: 180–250 µg mL−1 (iii) IC50 > 1000 µg mL−1 | - | - | US + H2O then soxhlet + DCM and MeOH on extraction residue | [87] |
| Chlorella vulgaris | FRAP | TPC | 0.01–58.2 µmol TE g−1 DW | - | phenolic compounds | maceration + Hex, EtOAc + H2O (80 °C) in sequential order | [46] |
| Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Nannochloropsis gaditana, Nannochloris sp., Tetraselmis suecica | (i) DPPH (ii) reducing power (iii) FCA | TPC, flavonoids, carotenoids | (i) IC50: 356–400 µg mL−1 (ii) 24–33 AAE mL−1 (iii) IC50: 2810–12820 µg mL−1 | (i) IC50 AA = 3,7 µg mL−1 (ii) BHT = 1,4 AAE mg−1 (iii) IC50 EDTA = 10 µg mL−1 | - | Not specified | [51] |
| Dunaliella salina | TEAC | carotenoids | 11–1118 µmol TE g−1 extract | - | carotenoids | PLE Hex, EtOH or H2O | [83] |
| Dunaliella salina | TEAC | carotenoids | 115–452 µmol TE g−1 extract | - | carotenoids | sub- and super-critical CO2 | [107] |
| Chlorella vulgaris, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | (i) DPPH (ii) TAC (iii) FRAP | TPC, flavonoids | (i) IC50: 397–423 µg mL−1 (ii) IC50: 55–73 µg mL−1 (iii) ABS700: 0.136 to 0.124 (extracts at 250 µg mL−1) | (ii) IC50 AA = 127.5 µg mL−1 (iii) ABS700 AA = 0.423 at 250 µg mL−1 | flavonoids | maceration MeOH | [47] |
| Ankistrodesmus sp., Euglena cantabrica | DPPH | - | 8–71% inhib. (extracts at 1000 µg mL−1) | conc. at 1000 µg mL−1 BHT: 26% inhib., BHA: 91% inhib. |
- | maceration (40 min) + MeOH or H2O | [108] |
| Halochlorococcum porphyrae, Oltamannsiellopsis unicellularis | (i) DPPH (ii) FCA (iii) hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (iv) superoxide radical scavenging activity (v) hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (vi) nitric oxide scavenging activity | TPC | extracts at 2000 µg mL−1
(i) 42–95% inhib. (ii) 4–72% inhib. (iii) 5–42% inhib. (iv) 5–58% inhib. (v) 4–31% inhib (vi) 1–51% inhib. |
conc. at 2000 µg mL−1
(i) BHT and α-toco: 94% inhib. (ii) BHT: 11% inhib., α-toco 10% inhib. (iii) BHT 60% inhib., α-toco 62% inhib. (iv) BHT 63% inhib., α-toco 61% inhib. (v) BHT 77% inhib., α-toco 79% inhib. (vi) BHT 26% inhib., α-toco 25% inhib. |
- | 80% MeOH then fractionation with Hex, CHCl3 and EtOAc or enzymatic lysis (5 carbohydrases and 5 proteases tested) | [89] |
| Chlamydomonas nivalis, Chlorella protothecoides, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella zofingiensis, Crypthecodinium cohnii, Nitzschia laevis, Schizochytrium sp., Schizochytrium mangrovei, Thraustochytrium sp. | TEAC | TPC | 0–11.4 µmol TE g−1 DW | - | - | maceration (30 min) + Hex, EtOAc and H2O (80 °C) in sequential order | [13] |
| Tetraselmis sp., Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella sp., Nannochloropsis gaditana, Chlorella sp., Navicula sp., Phaeodactylum tricurnutum, Chaetoceros sp., Isochrysis sp. | DPPH | TPC, total carotenoids, PUFA | IC50: 247–464 µg mL−1 | IC50 BHT = 6.2 µg mL−1, IC50 AA = 2.5 µg mL−1 | - | maceration (3h, dark) + EtOH | [109] |
| Isochrysis galbana | (i) DPPH (ii) TEAC | TPC, β-glucan, Co-Q10, β-carotene, fucoxanthin | (i) 0–17 mg AAE L−1 (ii) 52–56 µmol TE g−1 DW | - | - | grinding + maceration (18 h) EtOH 96% or H2O | [110] |
| Nannochloropsis gaditana | (i) DPPH (ii) β-carotene bleaching (iii) FRAP |
carotenoids, tocopherols, FA | (i) 1,1–1,8 µmol TE g−1 extract (ii) 64–97% inhib. (extracts at 1000 µg mL−1) (iii) 48–86 µmol Fe(II) g−1 extract | - | carotenoids, tocopherols, FA | Supercritical CO2 | [111] |
| Dunaliella salina, Oocystis pusilla, Scenedesmus rubescens | DPPH | TPC | 0.4–17.5 µmol TE g−1 | - | phenolic compounds | maceration (30 min, 25 °C) + Hex, EtOAc and H2O (80 °C) in sequential order | [112] |
| Cymbella sp., Navicula sp., Skeletonema costatum, Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros calcitrans, Nannochloropsis oculata, Tetraselmis tetrathele, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlorella vulgaris, Oocystis sp., Trachelomonas sp. | (i) DPPH (ii) FTC (iii)TBARS | - | (i) no activity for extracts at 250–1000 µg L−1 (ii) 0–97% inhib.(extracts at 200 µg mL−1) (iii) 0–98% inhib. (extracts at 80 µg mL−1) |
(i) α-toco: 85% inhib., quercetin: 65% inhib, BHT: 74% inhib. (100 µg L−1) (ii) α-toco: 84% inhib, quercetin: 92% inhib., BHT: 100% inhib. (200 µg mL−1) (iii) α-toco: 71% inhib., quercetin: 90% inhib., BHT: 98% inhib. (80 µg mL−1) | - | maceration (4 j) + MeOH | [84] |
| 2 Nannochloris sp. strains, Picochlorum sp., Desmochloris sp. | (i) DPPH (ii) FCA (iii) CCA | TPC, pigments | extracts at 1000 µg mL−1
(i) <10% inhib. (ii) <25% inhib. (iii) <30% inhib. |
conc. at 1000 µg mL−1
(i) BHT: 88% inhib. (ii) EDTA: 96% inhib. (iii) EDTA: 76% inhib. |
- | grinding + maceration (1 night, 20 °C) + MeOH | [113] |
| Chlorella vulgaris | (i) TEAC (ii) ORAC (iii) superoxide radical scavenging activity | TPC | (i) 146–789 µmol TE g−1 extract (ii) 243–1008 µmol TE g−1 extract (iii) IC50: 8260–10752 µg mL−1 |
rosemary extract (i) 2805–2811 µmol TE g−1 (ii) 4615–4892 µmol TE g−1 (iii) IC50: 464–665 µg mL−1 | - | supercritical H2O | [81] |
| Haematococcus pluvialis | TEAC | GC-MS | 366–1974 µmol TE g−1 extract | - | α-toco., gallic acid, caramelization products and possible Maillard reaction products | supercritical H2O | [114] |
| Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Nannochloropsis salina, Nannochloropsis limnetica, Chlorella sorokiniana, Dunaliella salina, Desmodesmus sp. | (i) DPPH (ii) TEAC (iii) FCA (iv) FRAP (v) TAC | TPC, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tocopherols, carotenoids composition | (i) 8–14% inhib. (extracts at 250 µg mL−1) (ii) 2.7–24.2 TE g−1
(iii) 3–9% chelation (extracts at 250 µg mL−1) (iv) 0.1–0.5 AAE g−1 (v) 3.0–8.9 gallic acid Eq g−1 |
- | phenolic compounds, carotenoids and tocopherols | US (45 min in the dark at room temp.) + MeOH | [8] |
| Tetraselmis suecica | DPPH | pigment composition | 21.1% inhib. (extract at 50 µg mL−1) | α-toco: 6% inhib. at 50 µg mL−1 | - | maceration (30 min in the dark under nitrogen atmosphere at room temp.) + EtOH/H2O (3/1) | [115] |
| Parachlorella kessleri | (i) DPPH (ii) TEAC (iii) FCA (iv) TAC | TPC, chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoids | (i) 32–69% inhib. (extracts at 100 µg mL−1) (ii) 1.4–3.0 µmol TE g−1 extract (iii) 20% inhib. (extracts at 500 µg mL−1) (iv) 2.2–4.3 mg AAE g−1 extract | - | - | grinding + maceration MeOH | [116] |
| Trentepohlia umbrina | (i) DPPH (ii) reducing power (iii) superoxide radical scavenging activity |
TPC, flavonoids | (i) IC50 = 665.3 µg mL−1 (ii) ABS700 = 0.0124(extract at 125 µg mL−1) (iii) IC50 = 838.8 µg mL−1 | (i) IC50 AA = 6.4 µg mL−1
(ii) ABS700 AA = 0.0478 at 125 µg mL−1 (iii) IC50 AA = 115.6 µg mL−1 |
- | maceration (72 h) + MeOH | [85] |
| Dunaliella salina | DPPH | chlorophylls, total carotenoid | 15–57% inhib. (extract at 250 µg mL−1) | AA: 95% inhib. at 250 µg mL−1 | - | US (10 min) + maceration (4 j) + EtOH | [117] |
| Skeletonema marinoi | TEAC | TPC, flavonoids, AA, β-carotene, diatoxanthin | 250–1500 fg AAE cell−1 | - | phenolic compounds, flavonoids, AA | US (1 min, in ice) + maceration (30 min, dark) MeOH | [53] |
| Chloromonas sp. | (i) DPPH (ii) TEAC | - | (i) IC50 = 1.0µg mL−1 (ii) IC50 = 0.9 µg mL−1 | (i) IC50 AA = 0.1 µg mL−1 (ii) IC50 AA = 0.2 µg mL−1 | - | maceration (24 h) + EtOH | [118] |
| Botryidiopsidaceae sp. | (i) DPPH (ii) TEAC | - | (i) IC50 = 1.5 µg mL−1 (ii) IC50 = 1.8 µg mL−1 | (i) IC50 AA = 0.2 µg mL−1 (ii) IC50 AA = 0.2 µg mL−1 | - | maceration (24 h) + EtOH | [119] |
| Crypthecodinium cohnii, Schizochytrium sp. | (i) DPPH (ii) TAC (iii) FCA (iv) reducing power | TPC, flavonoids | extracts at 500 µg mL−1
(i) 15–30% inhib. (ii) ABS695: 0,500–1,000 (iii) 10–60% inhib. (iv) ABS700: 0,050–0,300 |
(ii) BHT: ABS695 = 0,500 at 500 µg mL−1 (iii) EDTA: 65% inhib. at 50 µg mL−1 (iv) BHT: ABS700 = 0,300 at 500 µg mL−1 | phenolic compounds | maceration (2 j) EtOH 70% | [54] |