Table 2.
Observed daily energy, total fat and specific fatty acids intake in 1–7 years old children [means (SD), when not specified, or median values].
| Country Year Data Collect. Study Type | Ref. | Dietary Method | Population Age, Gender, n | Energy kJ/kcal |
Total Fat (%E or g) |
SFA (%E or g) |
LA (%E or g) |
ALA (%E or mg) |
DHA (mg) |
EPA + DHA (mg) |
Other FA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | |||||||||||
| The Gambia (rural, one village) 1978–80 |
Prentice 2000 [43] | >1 d Record |
1–2 y 13–17 Mon. n = 115 |
3673 kJ (878 kcal) 1 | ~27.5%E 2 26.85 g |
~8.7%E 8.49 g |
5.1%E 4.95 g |
0.23%E 220 mg |
80 | NR | MUFA: 12.75 g n-6 PUFA: 5.26 g n-3 PUFA: 380 mg PUFA: 5.61 g ARA: 60 mg |
| 2 y 24 Mon. (=after weaning) n = 42 |
3263 kJ (780 kcal) | ~15%E 13 g |
~3.6%E 3.16 g |
4.6%E 3.99 g |
0.13%E 120 mg |
10 | NR | MUFA: 5.86 g n-6 PUFA: 4 g n-3 PUFA:140 mg PUFA: 4.09 g ARA: 10 mg |
|||
| S. Africa 1 (2 similar informal household settlements in Mangaung: Joe Slovo, JB Mafora) 1998 Cross-sectional survey |
Dannhauser 2000 [44] | 24 h | 2–3.9 y JS n = 63 JB n = 68 |
JS 3424 kJ (1489) ~818 kcal (355.8) JB 4274 kJ (1653) ~1022 kcal (395.1) Medians: JS 3246.78 kJ ~776 kcal JB 3995.72 kJ ~955 kcal |
JS ~26.4%E 24 g (12.2) JB ~26%E 29.5 g (19.1) Medians: JS 23.7 g JB 15.3 g |
JS ~9.6%E 8.7 g (5) JB ~8.7%E 9.9 g (6.7) Medians: JS 8.2 g JB 8.0 g |
“n-6 EFA” JS ~5.5%E 5.0 g (4.2) JB ~6.5%E 7.4 g (7.2) Medians: JS 3.7 g JB 2.9 g |
“n-3 EFA” JS ~0.44%E 400 mg JB ~0.35%E 400 mg Medians: JS 300 mg JB 200 mg |
NR | NR | PUFA: JS 5.4 g (4.2) JB 7.8 g (7.1) Medians: JS 4.2 g JB 5.9 g |
| 4–5.9 y JS n = 46 JB n = 54 |
JS 3780 kJ (1610.8) ~903 kcal (384.9) JB 4383 kJ (1560.6) ~1048 kcal (372.8) Medians: JS 3535.4 kJ ~845 kcal JB 4184 kJ ~1000 kcal |
JS ~25.3%E 25.4 g (18.1) JB ~23.8%E 27.7 g (17.3) Medians: JS 22.5 g JB 24 g |
JS ~9.0%E 9.0 g (5.4) JB ~7.9%E 9.2 g (5.8) Medians: JS 8.6 g JB 8.9 g |
“n-6 EFA” JS ~6.2%E 6.2 g (7.3) JB ~5.8%E 6.7 g (5.6) Medians: JS 3.8 g JB 5.4 g |
“n-3 EFA” JS ~0.30%E 300 mg (300) JB ~0.26%E 300 mg (300) Medians: JS 200 mg JB 300 mg |
NR | NR | PUFA: JS 6.5 g (7.2) JB 7.1 g (5.6) Median JS 4.1 g JB 5.8 g |
|||
| S.Africa 2 2 provinces (mixed urban and rural) (PDIS) 2018–2019 Cross sectional survey |
Steyn 2020 [45] | 24 h + 2x (24 h) | 1–<3 y n = 333 |
Mean (SE) 3 4944 kJ (244.6) ~1182 kcal (58.5) |
30.3%E (0.9) 39.4 g (2.3) |
8.9%E (0.7) 12 g (1) |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA: 9.0%E (0.7) 11.4 g PUFA: 7.8%E (0.5) 9.5 g |
| 3–<6 y n = 514 |
5626 kJ (184.4) ~1345 kcal (44.1) |
28.7%E (0.6) 44 g (2.6) |
8.5%E (0.3) 13.1 g (1.2) |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA: 9%E (0.2) 13.7 g PUFA: 8.1%E (0.2) 12.2 g |
|||
| America North | |||||||||||
| Canada 1 National (CCHS) 2015 Cross-sectional survey |
Barr 2018 [46] | 24 h | 6–12 y (breakfast eaters) n = 2227 |
Mean (SE) ~7757.14 kJ (92) 1854 kcal (22) |
30.1 (0.3)%E 64 (1.0) g |
~10.9%E 23.1 (0.4) g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA:~11%E; 22.7 (0.4) g PUFA: ~6%E; 12.4 (0.3) g |
| Canada 2 National (CCHS) 2004 Cross-sectional survey |
Health Canada 2012 [47,48] | 24 h | 1–3 y n = NR |
~6700 kJ 4 1611 kcal |
30.3% | 12%E | NR | Median ~0.47% 840 mg |
NR | NR | MUFA: 11%E PUFA: 4%E |
| 4–8 y n = NR |
~7995 kJ 4 1911 kcal |
30.1% | 12%E | NR | Median ~0.49% 1023 mg |
NR | NR | MUFA: 11%E PUFA: 4%E |
|||
| Canada 3 Vancouver 2003 Cross-sectional study |
Innis 2004 [49] | FFQ Total n = 84 |
1.5–2 y (18–24 Mon.) n = NR |
Mean (SE) 7327 kJ (509) ~1751 kcal (120) |
32(1.83)%E | 26.7 g (3.09) | ~2.98%E 5.80 g (0.57) |
~0.60%E 1160 mg (160) |
41 (10) | ~70 5 | MUFA: 21.4 g (2.36) PUFA: 7.58 g (0.67) EPA: 29 mg (8) ARA: 133 mg (21) |
| 2–3 y (25–36 Mon.) n = NR |
Mean (SE) 9619 kJ (707) ~2299 kcal (169) |
34.6(1.53)%E | ~13.3%E 35.7 g (3.67) |
~3.5%E 9.04 g (0.63) |
~0.79%E 2020 mg (230) |
95 (16) | ~152 5 | MUFA: 30.9 g (2.83) PUFA: 11.7 g (0.84) EPA: 57 mg (11) ARA: 260 mg (39) |
|||
| 3–5 y (37–60 Mon.) n = NR |
Mean (SE) 9518 kJ (426) ~2278 kcal (102) |
32.4(0.75)%E | 12%E 30.4 g (1.67) |
~3.7%E 9.39 g (0.63) |
~0.70%E 1720 mg (170) |
96 (14) | ~156 5 | MUFA: 29.9 g (1.86) PUFA: 11.3 g (0.74) EPA: 60 mg (8) ARA: 226 mg (17) |
|||
| Canada 4 Alberta (e.g., far from coastal) 2001–2002 Cross-sectional study |
Lien 2009 [50] | 3 d Record | 4–7 y n = 78 |
~7363.8 kJ (1840.96) 1760 (440) kcal Median ~7238 kJ 1730 kcal |
33%E (4.5) 63 g (17) Median 33%E 63 g |
12%E (2.4) 23 g (7.9) Median 12%E 22 g |
3.9%E (1.6) 7.4 g (3.3) Median 3.7%E 6.8 g |
0.36%E (0.20) 710 mg Median 0.35%E 620 mg |
37 (63) Median 16.5 |
~54 | MUFA: 12%E (2.3) = 22 g (6.1) Medians: 11%E = 22 g n-6 PUFA: 7.4 g (3.3) Median: 6.7 g n-3 PUFA: 750 mg (500) Median: 720 mg PUFA: 5.1%E (1.6) = 9.8 g (3.6) Medians: 5%E = 9.4 g ARA: 57 mg (30.5) Median: 51 mg EPA: 17 mg (30.6) Median 4.6 |
| Canada 5 Ontario 2009 Survey type not reported |
Madden 2009 [51] | Chemical analysis (3 d food collection aliquots) | 4–8 y n = 41 |
Mean (SEM) 5879 kJ (209) ~1405 (50) kcal |
22.8%E (0.9) 36.3 g (2.5) |
8.4%E 13.1 g (0.7) Median 13 g |
4.9%E 7.6 g (0.7) Median 6.3 g |
0.74%E 1161 mg (108) Median 1007 mg |
54.1 (11.4) Median 21.9 |
92.5 (20.2) Median 31.5 |
MUFA: 9.3%E,14.6 g n-6 PUFA 5%E, 7.7 g (0.7) n-3 PUFA 0.83%E, 1298 mg (119) PUFA: 5.8%E, 9.0 g ARA: 61.7 mg (5.8) Median 58.5 mg EPA: 38.4 mg (9.3) Median 12.0 mg DPA: 26.3 mg (3.9) Median 18.8 mg |
| Canada 6 Vancouver 2010–2014 Secondary analysis of DBRCT |
Wiedeman 2020 [52] | 3 d Record | 1 y (12–14 Mon.) n = 110 |
NR | NR | NR | 3.74%E (1.52) 3.95 g (1.78) Median 3.42%E 3.63 g |
0.53%E 0.26) 560 mg (290) Median 0.47%E 500 mg |
31. (58.7) Median 10 |
47. (100) Median 10 |
EPA: 16 mg (42.2) Median 0 DPA: 3.52 mg (9.72) Median 0 ARA: 36.8 mg (30.4) Median 30 mg |
| 2 y n = 86 |
NR | NR | NR | 4.2%E (1.68) 5.19 g (2.63) Median 3.96%E 4.3 g |
0.59%E (0.31) 740 mg (490) Median 0.49%E 580 mg |
64.8 (107) Median 20 |
100 (177) Median 20 |
EPA: 35.8 mg (72.7) Median 0 DPA: 9.42 mg (19.6) Median 0 ARA: 52.7 mg (36.2) Median 45 mg |
|||
| Mexico 1 National (ENSANUT) 2012 Cross sectional survey |
Jiménez-Aguilar 2018 [53] | 7 d semi-quantitative FFQ | 1–2 y (12–35 Mon.) n = 593 |
Median ~4585.66 kJ 1096 kcal |
Median ~32.1%E 39.1 g |
Median ~14.6%E 17.8 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | Median PUFA: ~5.7%E 7 g |
| 3–4 y (3–59 Mon.) n = 619 |
Median ~5669 kJ 1355 kcal |
Median ~32.2%E 48.5 g |
Median ~14.2%E 21.4 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | Median PUFA: ~6%E 9 g |
|||
| Mexico 2 National (ENSANUT) 2006 Cross sectional survey |
Ramirez-Silva 2011 [54] |
7 d FFQ | 5–11 y n = 8690 |
Mean (SE) ~5840.8 kJ (49.8) 1396 kcal (~11.9) |
26.7%E (0.16) 39.5 g (0.5) |
11.4%E (0.08) 15.6 g (0.2) |
~3.2%E 4.4 g (0.05) |
~0.2%E 300 mg (50) |
NR | NR | MUFA: 9.4%E (0.06) 13.1 g (0.15) n-6 PUFA: 3.3%E 4.5 g (0.05) n-3 PUFA: 0.2%E ~300 mg (10) PUFA: 5.9% (0.04) = 8.2 g (0.10) |
| USA 1 National (NHANES) 2009–2012 Cross-sectional survey |
Ahluwalia 2016 [55] | 2x 24 h + 1x (24 h) | 1–2 y (12–23 Mon.) n = 516 |
Mean (SE) ~4995.7 kJ (103.3) 1194 (24.7) Median: ~4916.2 kJ 1175 kcal |
32.9 (0.4)%E 44.1 (1) g Median: 33% = 43.1 g |
~13.6%E = 18.0 (0.5) g Median: 17.5 g |
~4.98%E = 6.6 (0.2) g Median: 6.3 g |
~0.65%E = 860 (20) mg Median: 830 mg |
NR | NR | MUFA: 14.5 (0.5) g Median: 14.1 g PUFA: 7.6 (0.3) g Median: 7.2 g |
| USA 2 National (FITS) 2016 Cross-sectional study |
Bailey 2018 [33] |
24 h + 1x (24 h) | 1–2 y (12–23.9 Mon.) n = 1133 |
Mean (SE) ~4891.1 kJ (37.6) 1169 kcal (9) Median: ~4732 kJ 1131 kcal |
33 (0.1)%E = 44 ± 0.4 Median: 33%E = 42 g |
13 (0.1)%E = 18 ±0.2 g Median: 13%E = 17 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 2–3 y (24–35.9 Mon.) n = 305 |
~5769.7 kJ (87.86) 1379 kcal (21) Median: ~5594 kJ 1337 kcal |
31 (0.3)%E = 49 ± 0.9 Median: 31%E = 47 g |
11 (0.2)%E = 18 ± 0.4 g Median: 11%E = 17 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
| 3–4 y (36–47.9 Mon.) n = 295 |
~5920 kJ (92.0) 1415 (22) Median: ~5732 kJ 1370 kcal |
31 (0.3)%E = 50 (0.9) g Median: 31%E = 48 g |
11 (0.2)%E = 18 (0.4) g Median: 11%E = 17 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
| USA 3 National (MEC component of NHANES) 2003–2008 Cross-sectional study |
Keim 2015 [56] | 24 h | 1–2 y (17–24 Mon.) n = 802 |
NR | NR | NR | Mean (SE) ~>5.5%E 6 7.03 (0.290) g |
~0.65%E 6 820 (33) mg |
19.78 (3.00) | ~24.78 | n-6 PUFA: 6.97 (0.29) g n-3 PUFA: 940 (30) mg ARA: 56.13 (3.24) mg EPA: 5 (0.56) |
| 2–3 y (25–36 Mon.) n = 858 |
NR | NR | NR | ~>5.5%E 7 7.99 (0.283) g |
~0.59%E 7 860 (32) mg |
20.50 (3.03) | ~26.22 | n-6 PUFA: 8.19 (0.3) g n-3 PUFA: 890 (35) mg ARA: 56.87 (2.71) mg EPA: 5.72 (0.63) mg |
|||
| 3–4 y (37–48 Mon.) n = 454 |
NR | NR | NR | ~6.2%E 7 9.01 (0.315) g |
~0.59%E 7 870 (34) mg |
20.80 (3.20) | ~27.21 | n-6 PUFA: 9.10 (0.33) g n-3 PUFA: 900 (38) mg ARA: 61.64 (3.96) mg EPA: 6.41 (0.70) mg |
|||
| 4–5 y (49–60 Mon.) n = 496 |
NR | NR | NR | ~6%E 8 10.16 (0.40) g |
~0.53%E 8 900 (39) mg |
21.00 (3.59) | ~28.18 | n-6 PUFA: 10.16 (0.40) g n-3 PUFA: 930 (43) mg ARA: 67.63 (4.38) mg EPA: 7.18 (0.82) mg |
|||
| USA 4 National (NHANES) 2003–2014 Cross-sectional survey |
Thompson 2019 [39] | 2x 24 h | 1–5 y n = 5392 |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Mean (SE) ~19.5–25 mg 9 16.1 (0.6) mg/1000 kcal |
~24.7–35.4 mg 9 23.1 (0.6) mg/1000 kcal |
NR |
| 6–11 y n = 5550 |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ~34 mg 10 17.5 (0.9) mg/1000 kcal |
~50.8 mg 10 25.9 (1.4) mg/1000 kcal |
NR | |||
| America South | |||||||||||
| Argentina Buenos Aires province 2013 Cross-sectional study |
Lazaro-Cuesta 2018 [57] | 24 h | 6–8 y n = 387 |
Medians M ~8681.8 kJ 2075 kcal F ~8468.4 kJ 2024 kcal |
Medians M ~37.6%E 86.7 g F ~36.7%E 82.5 g |
Medians M ~13.1%E 30.2 g F ~11.4%E 25.6 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | Medians MUFA: F 34.4 g; M 30.8 g PUFA: F 22.3 g; M 17.6 g |
| Brazil 9 cities 2007 Cross-sectional study |
Bueno 2013 [58] |
1 d Record + 1x (1 d Record) | 2–3 y public school (n = 1278) private school (n = 425) |
Mean (SD or SE [not specified]) ~6945.4 kJ (1551) 1660 kcal (371) ~6861.8 kJ (1647.2) 1640 kcal (394) |
28.1 (5.8)%E 28.5 (5.5)%E |
9.9 (2.2)%E 9.9 (2.4)%E |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 4–6 y public school (n = 1041) private school (n = 314) |
~7066.8 kJ 1689 kcal (364.4) ~6962.2 kJ 1664 kcal (357.3) |
28.6 (5.7)%E 28.8 (5.4)%E |
9.8 (2.1)%E 9.8 (2.2)%E |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
| Chile South-East Santiago (FECHIC cohort) 2016 Cohort study |
Rebolledo 2019 [59] |
24 h + 1x (24 h) | 3–6 y n = 839 (low and middle income) |
Mean (SE) ~5259.3 kJ (56.9) 1257 kcal (13.6) |
NR | 9.9 (0.1)%E 13.9 (0.2) g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Asia | |||||||||||
| Bangladesh 2 rural districts 2007–2008 Cross-sectional survey |
Yakes 2011 [60] |
2x (24 h) + correction | 2–3 y (24–35 Mon.) n = 221 |
Mean (SE) ~3426.7 kJ 819 kcal (~89) |
17:2 (6.1)%E 15.2 (5.5) g |
~5.7%E 5 (2.5) g |
3.3 (1.4)%E 3 (1.4) g |
0.4 (0.16)%E 370 (168) mg |
30 (20) | NR | MUFA: 5.1 (2.0) g PUFA: 3.5 (1.7) g ARA: 60 (58) mg |
| 3–4 y (36–48 Mon.) n = 236 |
~3895.3 kJ 931 kcal (72) |
12.9 (5.2)%E 13.5 (6) g |
~3.4%E 3.6 (1.9) g |
2.9 (1.3)%E 3.1 (1.6) g | 0.41 (0.18)%E 430 (200) mg |
20 (5) | NR | MUFA: 4.8 (2.2) g PUFA: 3.6 (1.9) g ARA: 50 (31) mg |
|||
| China Yunnan province (rural) 2003–2004 Cross-sectional survey |
Barbarich 2006 [61] | 3x 24 h |
1–3 y n = 126 |
~2761.4 kJ (1079) 660 kcal (258) |
24 (7)%E 18 (10) g |
NR | 2.9 (1.2)%E 2.08 (1.17) g |
0.4 (0.3)%E 278 (229) mg |
34 (148) | NR | n-6 PUFA: 2.2 (1.3)%E 2.14 (1.24) g n-3 PUFA: 0.5 (0.4)%E 366 (343) mg ARA: 55 (42) mg |
| 4–5 y n = 70 |
~3418.3 kJ (933) 817 kcal (223) |
21(7)%E 19 (9) g |
NR | 2.5 (1.1)%E 2.27 (1.22) g |
0.4 (0.3)%E 335 (232) mg |
23 (87) | NR | n-6 PUFA: 2.5 (1.1)%E 2.27 (1.22) g n-3 PUFA: 376 (319) mg ARA: 23 (87) mg |
|||
| Indonesia National (RISKESDAS) 2010 Cross sectional |
Neufingerl 2016 [62] | 1x 24 h | 4–8 y n = 25,417 |
Median 4398 kJ ~1050 kcal |
Median 27.2%E 31.2 g |
Median 11.6%E 13.3 g |
Median 3.3%E 4.0 |
Median 0.20%E = 245 mg |
NR | Median 30 mg |
Median PUFA: 4.0%E 4.7 g |
| Japan 1 Seiiku Boshi cohort 2010–2013 Cohort study |
Ando 2019 [63] | 1 Mon. FFQ | 3 y n = 153 |
3399.9 kJ (906.3) ~812.6 kcal (217) |
NR | NR | n-6 PUFA 11 ~4.7%E 5.0 g (1.5) |
~>0.5%E ~540 mg (estimated) 12 |
98.3 (64.6) |
148.4 (106) |
n-3 PUFA: 0.9 g (0.3) PUFA: 5.8 g (1.7) ARA: 53.5 mg (21.4) EPA: 49.4 (43.5) mg |
| Japan 2 National (NHNS-J) 2012 Cross sectional study |
Murakami, 2018a [30] | 1 d Record | > = 1–6 y (12–83 Mon.) n = 1289 |
Mean (SE) 1278 kcal (10.3) |
28.3 (0.2)%E | 9.2 (0.1)%E | NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA: 9.8 (0.1)%E PUFA: 5.4 (0.1)%E |
| Japan 3 Nationwide (DONGuRI) 2015 Cross sectional study |
Murakami 2018b [64] | 3 d Record | Volunteer children attending nursery facilities 3–5 y (36–71 Mon.) M: 143 F: 143 |
Mean (SE) M 5761 kJ (908) ~1377 kcal (180) F: 5414 kJ (920) ~1294 kcal (179) Medians M 5699 kJ ~1362 kcal F 5435 kJ ~1299 |
M: 29.3%E (2.3) = 45.3 g (6.1) F: 29.2%E (2.2) = 42.6 g (7.0) Medians M 29.2%E = 44.7 g F 29.3%E = 41.7 g |
M 9.9%E (1.4) = 15.2 g (2.5) F 9.6%E (1.2) = 14.1 g (2.5) Medians M 9.8%E = 14.8 g F 9.6%E = 13.7 g |
n-6 PUFA 11 4.3% M, 4.5% F M 6.7 g (1.0), F 6.5 g (1.2) Medians: M 6.7 g F 6.3 g |
~ > 0.5%E ~840 mg (estimated) 12 |
NR | NR | n-3 PUFA M 1.4 g (0.3), F 1.4 g (0.3) Medians: M 1.4 g, F 1.4 g |
| Japan 4 National (NHNS-J) 2005–2009 Cross-sectional survey |
Tsuboyama-Kasaoka 2013 [65] | 1 d Record | > = 1–2 y (19–35 Mon.) M: 351 F: 338 |
M: ~1096 kcal 13 F: ~1021.75 kcal 13 |
NR | NR | n-6 PUFA 11 M 5.2 g (2.7) 4.27%E F 4.9 g (2.9 (~4.31%E) Median M 4.8 g; F 4.5 g |
~0.52%E ~630 mg (estimated) 12 |
NR | NR | n-3 PUFA: M 1.1 g (0.7) F 1.0 g (0.7) (0.9%E) Median M 0.9 g; F 0.9 g |
| > = 3–5 y (36–71 Mon.) M: 631 F: 640 |
M: 1428.25 kcal 13 F: 1288 kcal 13 |
NR | NR | n-6 PUFA 11 M 7.1 g (3.1) (~4.47%E) F 6.6 g (2.9 (~4.61%E) Median M 6.5 g; F 6.2 g |
~0.55%E ~870 mg (estimated) 12 |
NR | NR | n-3 PUFA: Mean (SD) M 1.5 g (1.0) F 1.4 g (0.9) (~0.96%E) Median M 1.2 g; F 1.2 g |
|||
| > = 6–7 y (72–95 Mon.) M: 434 F: 453 |
M: 1682.75 kcal 13 F: 1539.25 kcal 13 |
NR | NR | n-6 PUFA 11 M: 8.4 g (3.6) (~4.49%E) F: 7.8 g (3.5) (~4.56%E) Median M 7.9 g; F 7.2 g |
~0.67%E ~1200 mg (estimated) 12 |
NR | NR | n-3 PUFA: M 1.8 g (1.1) F 1.6 g (1.0) (~0.95%E) Median M 1.5 g; F 1.3 g |
|||
| Malaysia urban areas 2010–2011 Cross-sectional study |
Mohd Shariff 2015 [66] |
24 h + 1x (1d Record) | 1–3 y Income levels: Low (n = 72) Middle (n = 56) High (n = 53) |
Mean (SE) L ~5204.9 kJ (186.6) 1244 kcal (44.6) M ~5422 kJ (215.97) 1296 kcal (51.62) H ~5050.1 kJ (221.4) 1207 kcal (52.91) |
L 32.61%E (1.12) M 30.29%E (1.29) H 32.5%E (1.33) |
L 13.37%E (0.48) M 12.5%E (0.56) H 11.95%E (0.57) |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 4–6 y Income levels: Low (n = 85) Middle (n = 89) High (n = 78) |
L ~4983.1 kJ (152.3) 1191 kcal (36.41) M ~5702.8 kJ (148.4) 1363 kcal (35.47) H ~6460.1 kJ (160.2) 1544 kcal (38.28) |
L 32.34%E (1.08) M 30.79%E (1.06) H 33.32%E (1.14) |
L 11.88%E (0.45) M 10.68%E (0.44) H 11.65%E (0.48) |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
| Philippines 1 National (NNS) 2013 |
Angeles-Agdeppa 2019 [67] | 24 h + 1x (24 h) | 6–9 y n = 3594 |
1242.6 (SE = 7) Median 1184 |
17.8%E (0.1) = 26.1 g (0.3) Median 17.2%E = 23.1 g |
~9.27%E 12.8 g (0.2) Median 10g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Philippines 2 National (NNS) 2013 Cross sectional survey |
Denney 2018 [68] | 24 h + 1x (24 h) | 1–2 y n = 714 |
Mean (SE) ~3225.9 kJ (50.2) 771 kcal (12) Median ~3000 kJ 717 kcal |
29.6%E = 23.8 g Median 30.3% (20.3 g) |
~9.9%E = 8.5 g Median 7.9 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 2–3 y n = 727 |
~3510.4 kJ (54.4) 839 kcal (13) Median ~3276.1 kJ 783 kcal |
23.4%E = 23.3 g Median 23.1% (20.3 g) |
~9.4 E% = 8.8 g Median 6.9 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
| 3–5 y n = 2427 |
~4171.4 kJ (29.3) 997 kcal (7) Median ~3970.6 kJ 949 kcal |
20.2%E = 24.1 g Median 20% (21 g) |
~9.9%E = 11 gMedian 8 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
| Singapore 1 2015–2016 Validation study |
Allan 2018 [69] | 2 d Record vs. FFQ (calibrated) | 12–36 Mon. n = 91 |
Medians: Record 4608 kJ ~1101.34 kcal FFQ 4629 kJ ~1106.36 kcal |
Medians: Record ~29.9%E 36.7 g FFQ ~30.26%E 37.2 g |
Medians: Record ~12.09%E 14.8 g FFQ ~12.28%E 15.1 g |
NR | NR | Medians: Record 100 FFQ: 120 |
NR | Medians: MUFA Record: 14.1 g FFQ: 14.5 g PUFA Record: 6.1 g FFQ: 6.8 g |
| Singapore 2 Sub-study of GUSTO Study 2011–2013 Validation study |
Lim 2019 [70] | 24 h + 1x (24 h) vs. FFQ | 18 Mon. n = 188 |
Medians 24 h 3740 kJ 894 kcal FFQ 4301 kJ 1028 kcal |
Medians 24 h ~30.2%E; 30 g FFQ ~28.9%E; 33 g |
Medians 24 h ~6.5%E; 6.5 g FFQ ~7.0%E; 8.0 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Singapore 3 Sub-study of GUSTO Study 2015–2016 Validation study |
Sugianto 2019 [71] | 3 d Record (DR) vs. FFQ | 5 y n = 361 |
Means DR ~5389 kJ (1209.2) 1288 kcal (289) FFQ ~6041.7 kJ (2129.7) 1444 kcal (509) |
Medians DR ~26.5%E 37.9 g FFQ ~25.0%E 40.1 g |
Medians DR ~9.1%E 13.0 g FFQ ~9.3%E 14.9 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | Medians MUFA DR 10.3 g; FFQ 12.4 g PUFA DR: 5.2 g FFQ: 5.1 g |
| South Korea 1 National (KNHANES VI) 2013–15 Cross sectional survey |
Baek 2018 [72] | 24 h | 1–2 y n = 401 |
NR | Mean (SE) 23.3%E (0.5) 27.1 g (0.8) |
Mean (SE) 9.2%E (0.3) 10.5 g (0.3) |
n-6 PUFA 11: 3.7%E (0.1) = 4.4 g (0.2) |
n-3 PUFA 14: 0.5%E (0.02) = 600 mg (30) |
NR | NR | MUFA 7.3%E (0.2) = 8.5 g (0.3) PUFA 4.2%E (0.1) = 4.9 g (0.2) |
| 3–5 y n = 640 |
NR | Mean (SE) 23%E (0.3) 35.5(0.7) |
Mean (SE) 8.3%E (0.1) 12.7 g (0.3) |
n-6 PUFA 11: 4.0%E (0.1) = 6.3 g (0.2) |
n-3 PUFA 14 0.6%E (0.02) = 900 mg (40) |
NR | NR | MUFA 7.3%E (0.1) = 11.3 g (0.2) PUFA 4.6%E (0.1) = 7.1 g (0.2) |
|||
| South Korea 2 National (KNHANES V & VI) 2010–15 Cross sectional survey |
Kim 2019 [73] | 24 h | > = 1–2 y (12–24 Mon.) n = 544 |
NR | NR | NR | 3.5%E (SEM 0.13) = 3.91 g (SEM 0.14) | 0.47%E (SEM 0.02) = 529.94 mg (SEM 24.28) | 37.02 (SEM 3.46) | ~59.39 | n-6 PUFA: 3.6%E = 4.04 g (SEM 0.14) n-3 PUFA: 0.53%E = 590 mg (SEM 30) ARA = 20.03 mg (SEM 1.52) EPA: 22.37 mg (SEM 1.77) |
| Europe | |||||||||||
| Belgium 1 National 2014–2015 Cross-sectional survey |
De Ridder 2015 [42] | 2x 24 h + FFQ | 3–5 y n = 500 |
~5866 kJ 1402 kcal | 32.7%E | 13.5%E | NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA: 11.6%E PUFA: 5.2%E |
| 6–9 y n = 500 |
~6924.5 kJ 1655 kcal | 34.6%E | 13.2%E | NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA 12.5%E PUFA 5.6%E |
|||
| Belgium 2 (Flanders) 2002–2003 Cross-sectional study |
Sioen 2007 [40] | 3 d Record | 2.5–3 y (30–48 Mon.) n = 197 |
NR | NR | NR | 4.03%E = 6.667 g | 0.48%E = 798 mg |
43 | ~65 | n-6 PUFA: 4.05%E = 6.685 g n-3 PUFA: 0.53%E = 885 mg EPA: 22 mg DPA: 10 mg ARA: 17 mg |
| 4–6.5 y (49–78 Mon.) n = 464 |
NR |
NR | NR | 4.25%E = 7.018 g | 0.54%E = 904 mg |
49 | ~75 | n-6 PUFA: 4.24 5%E = 7.030 g n-3 PUFA: 0.58%E = 963 mg EPA 26 DPA: 10 mg ARA: 18 mg |
|||
| Cyprus (non-occupied part) Nationally representative sample 2009–2010 Cross-sectional study |
Tornaritis 2014 [74] | 3 d Record | 6–8.9 y 162 M, 158 F |
M: ~7765.5 kJ (1142) 1856 kcal (273) F: ~7577.2 kJ (1138) 1811 kcal (272) |
M: 34.7 (5)%E F: 34.1 (14.2)%E |
M: 14 (2.7)%E F: 13.7 (2.6)%E |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA: M: 15.2 (3.2)%E; F: 15.1 (2.7)%E PUFA: M: 5 (1.6)%E; F: 4.8 (1.4)%E |
| Finland 1 DAGIS 2015–16 Cross-sectional study |
Korkalo 2019 [75] |
3 d Record | 3–4 y n = 324 |
5590 kJ (1100) ~1336 kcal (277) |
~31.7%E = 47 g (13) |
~11.7%E = 17.3 g (5.3) |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA 16.5 g (5.1) PUFA 8 g (2.9) |
| 5–6 y n = 233 |
6370 kJ (1250) ~1522 kcal (298) |
~31.9%E = 54 g (14) |
~11.5%E = 19.5 g (6.2) |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA 18.8 g (5.3) PUFA 9.4 g (3.1) |
|||
| Finland 2 children participating in DIPP study 2003–2005 Cross-sectional study |
Kyttälä 2010 [76] | 3 d Record | 1 y n = 455 |
3800 (640) kJ ~908 kcal |
29 (6)%E = 30 (8) g |
11.6 (3.3)%E = 12 (4.2) g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA 10.5%E = 10.5 g PUFA 5.1%E = 5.2 g |
| 2 y n = 230 |
4570 (930) kJ ~1092 kcal |
30 (6)%E = 37 (12) g |
13.2 (3.6)%E = 16.4 (5.9) g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA10.2%E = 12.7 g PUFA 3.8%E = 4.8 g |
|||
| 3 y n = 471 |
5210 (990) kJ ~1245 kcal |
31 (6)%E = 43 (13) g |
13.2 (3.1)%E = 18.7 (6.1) g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA 10.5%E = 14.8 g PUFA 4.1%E = 5.7 g |
|||
| 4 y n = 554 |
5650 (1050) kJ ~1350 kcal |
31 (5)%E = 48 (13) g |
13.7 (3.2)%E = 21.1 (6.8) g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA13.7%E = 16.3 g PUFA 4.0%E = 6.2 g |
|||
| 6 y n = 713 |
6350 (1170) kJ ~1518 kcal |
31 (5)%E = 54 (15) g |
13.7 (3.0)%E = 23.6 (7.3) g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA 10.7%E = 18.5 g PUFA 4.2%E = 7.2 g |
|||
| Finland 3 (Kuopio) PANIC Study 2007–2009 Cross-sectional study |
Naveed 2020 [77] | 4 d Record | 6–9 y n = 487 (250 M, 237 F) |
ALL: ~6799 kJ (1297) 1625 kcal (310) M: ~7150 kJ (1299.6) 1709 kcal (310.6) F: ~6430 kJ (1190) 1537 kcal (284.4) |
ALL: 30%E = 54.6 g (14.9) M: 30.4%E = 57.8 g (14.5) F: 29.9%E = 51.1 g (14.5) |
ALL: 12.2%E = 22.1 g (7.1) M: 12.3%E = 23.4 g (6.9) F: 12.1%E = 20.7(7.1) |
ALL: 3.6%E 6.6 g (2.4) M: 3.6%E = 7.0 g (2.5) F: 3.6%E = 6.1 g (2.3) |
ALL: 0.78%E = 1400 (500) mg M: 0.79%E; 1500 (500) mg F: 0.76%E; 1300 (400) mg |
ALL: 100 (100) M: 100 (100) F:100 (100) |
ALL: ~140 M: ~140 F: ~130 |
ALL: MUFA: 18.1 g (5.1) (10%) PUFA: 8.9 g (2.8) (4.9%E) ARA: 90 mg (100) EPA: 40 mg (100) |
| France 1 Nutri-Bébé study 2013 Cross-sectional study |
Chouraqui 2020 [78] |
3 d Record | 12–17 Mon., n = 121 | ~3819.6 kJ (1054.8) 912.9 kcal (252.1) Median: ~3714 kJ 887.7 kcal |
~28.1%E = 28.6 (10.7) g Median: ~27.4%E = 27 g |
NR | ~2.8%E; 2.844 (1.627) g Median: ~2.92%E 2.884 g |
~0.42%E; 431 (250) Median: ~0.42%E; 417 mg |
36 (68) Median: 18 |
NR | ARA: 16 mg (24) Median: 9 mg |
| 18–23 Mon., n = 120 | ~4241.3 kJ 1013.7 kcal (290.5) Median: ~4185.3 kJ 1000.3 kcal |
~29.8%E; 33.6 (11.8) g Median: ~29.5%E; 32.8 g |
NR | ~2.74%E; 3.084 (1.638) g Median: ~2.83%E; 3.142 g |
~0.38%E; 427 (227) Median: ~0.37%E; 416 mg |
37(68) Median: 19 |
NR | ARA: 25 mg (42) Median: 16 mg |
|||
| 24–29 Mon., n = 125 | ~4154.3 kJ (1214.6) 992.9 kcal (290.3) Median: ~4119.15 kJ 984.5 kcal |
~32.6%E 33.7 (13.1) Median: ~29.6%E; 32.4 g |
NR | ~2.48%E; 2.559(1.779) g Median: ~2.10%E; 2.297 g |
~0.34%E; 347 (215) mg Median: ~0.28%E; 304 mg |
48(79) Median: 22 |
NR | ARA: 23 mg (25) Median: 19 mg |
|||
| 30–35 Mon., n = 81 | ~4395.7 kJ (1928.4) 1050.6 kcal (460.9) Median: ~4267.3 kJ 1019.9 kcal |
~30.6%E; 35.7 (20.8) Median: ~29.2%E; 33.1 g |
NR | ~2.17%E; 2.534 (1913) Median: ~2.1%E; 2.384 g |
~0.31%E; 356 (289) mg Median: ~0.29%E; 327 mg |
61(131) Median: 37 |
NR | ARA: 30 mg (35) Median: 24 mg |
|||
| France 2 National (INCA 2) 2006–2007 Cross-sectional study |
Guesnet 2019 [79] | 7 d Record | 3–5 y, n = 163 |
NR | 38.4%E (5.1) = 62.1(16.9) |
NR | 3.7%E (2) 6.1 (4.2) |
0.4%E (0.2) 700 (300) |
107 (303) | 184 (250) | ARA: 70 mg (70) EPA: 77 mg (215) |
| 6–8 y, n = 228 |
NR | 38.2%E (4.2) 73.5 (19) |
NR | 3.5%E (1.3) 6.8 (2.9) |
0.4%E (0.2) 800 (400) |
80 (55) | 144 (50) | ARA: 77 mg (38) EPA: 60 mg (45) |
|||
| Germany 1 DONALD (Dortmund) 2010 Cross-sectional study |
Libuda 2014 [80] |
3 d Record | 2–3 y 221 M, 206 F |
Median: 4100 kJ ~980 kcal |
Median: 34.6%E; 37.2 g |
Median: 15.2%E; 15.9 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | Medians: MUFA: 15.7 g; 14.7%E PUFA: 5 g; 4.5 E |
| 4–12 y 296 M, 285 F |
Median: 6500 kJ ~1554 kcal |
Median: 33.8%E; 59.1 g |
Median: 14.8%E; 25.9 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | Medians: MUFA: 23.7 g; 13.7%E PUFA: 8 g; 4.7%E |
|||
| Germany 2 National KiGGS (EsKIMO module) 2006 Cross-sectional study |
Stahl 2009 [81] | 3 d Record | 6–11 y n = 1234 |
Medians: M: 7580 kJ ~1812 kcal F: 7010 kJ ~1676 kcal |
Medians: M: 32%E; 66 g F: 32%E; 60 g |
Medians: M: ~14%E; 28 g F: ~ 14%E; 26 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | Medians: MUFA: ~11%E (M. 23 g; F: 20 g) PUFA: ~4%E (M. 8 g; F: 8 g) |
| Greece Crete, 2006–2007 Cross-sectional study |
Smpokos 2014 [82] | 3 d Record | 5.7–7.6 y, n = 257 |
Mean (SE) M 8646 kJ (180) ~2066.4 kcal (43) F 7963 kJ (197) ~1903.2 kcal (47.08) |
M 42.8 (0.5)%E F 43.1 (0.6)%E Medians M ~88.4 g F ~82.8 g |
M 15.4 (0.3)%E F 15.3 (0.3)%E Medians M ~35.3 g F ~32.4 g |
n-6 PUFA 11: M 8 g ~3.5%E F 7.4 g ~3.5%%E |
n-3 PUFA 14: M 692 mg ~0.38%E F 590 mg ~0.28%E |
NR | NR | MUFA: M 17.6%E (0.3) F 18.1%E (0.4) PUFA: M 4.7%E (0.1) F 4.7%E (0.1) |
| Ireland 1 National NCFS II 2019 Cross-sectional study |
O’Connor 2021 [41] | 4 d weighed Record + correction | 5–8 y n = 300 |
~5773.9 kJ (979.1) 1380 kcal (234) |
33.1(3.85)%E; 51.6 (11.0) g | 14.2(2.17)%E; 22.1 (5.20) g | n-6 PUFA 11: 3.50 (0.59)%E; 5.45 (1.32) g |
0.6 (0.16)%E 910 mg (270) |
61.1 (46.6) |
100.3 | MUFA: 13.3%E (1.77) = 20.8 g (4.67) n-3 PUFA: 0.74 (0.18)%E; 1.15 (0.35) g PUFA: 5.49%E (0.97) = 8.51 g (2.09) EPA: 39.2 (29.2) mg |
| Ireland 2 National (NPNS) 2010–2011 Cross-sectional study |
Walton 2017 [83] |
4 d weighed Record + correction | 1 y n = 126 |
4300 kJ (300) 1019 kcal (60) |
33.8%E (1.3) 38.8 (2.9) |
15.7%E (0.8) = 18.0 g (1.5) |
NR | 0.46 (0.04)%E = 530 (60) mg |
30.3 (10) |
64.6 (15.3) |
MUFA: 11.7%E (0.5) = 13.5 g (1.1) n-3 PUFA: 0.52%E (0.05); 600 (100) mg PUFA: 4.1%E (0.3) = 4.7 g (0.5) EPA: 30.2 (7.8) mg |
| 2 y n = 124 |
4800 kJ (300) 1131 kcal (67) |
32.8%E (1.3) 41.8 (3.2) |
14.8%E (0.8) = 18.9 g (1.6) |
NR | 0.46 (0.05)%E = 580 (70) mg |
40.2 (14) |
68.2 (16.9) |
MUFA: 11.1%E (0.6) = 14.2 g (1.2) n-3 PUFA: 0.52%E (0.05) = 700 (100) mg PUFA: 4.4%E (0.4) = 5.6 g (0.6) EPA: 28.6 (6.7) mg |
|||
| 3 y n = 126 |
4800 kJ (300) 1151 kcal (69) |
31.8%E (1.3) 41.3 g (3.2) |
14.5%E (0.8) = 18.9 g (1.7) |
NR | 0.44 (0.04)%E 570 (70) mg |
39.5 (14) |
68.0 (17.1) |
MUFA: 10.6%E (0.6) = 13.8 g (1.2) n-3 PUFA: 0.5%E (0.05) = 600 (100) mg PUFA: 4.3%E (0.4) = 5.5 g (0.6) EPA: 32.2 (9.1) mg |
|||
| 4 y n = 124 |
5300 kJ (300) 1265 kcal (73) |
31.5%E (1.3) 44.8 g (3.4) |
14.1%E (0.8) = 20.1 g (1.7) |
NR | 0.44 (0.05)%E = 630 (80) mg |
45.4 (15.4) |
79.8 (19.9) |
MUFA: 10.6%E (0.6) = 15.2 g (1.3) n-3 PUFA: 0.5%E (0.05) = 700 (100) mg PUFA: 4.3%E (0.4) = 6.1 g (0.7) EPA: 34.4 (9.3) mg |
|||
| Italy National (INRAN-SCAI) 2005–2006 Cross-sectional study |
Sette 2011 [84] | 3 d Record | 3–9.9 y n = 193 |
8000 kJ 1914 (488) kcal Median 8000 kJ 1906 kcal |
37.4 (4.9)%E 79.5 (22.8) g Median 37.3%E 78.8 g |
11.9 (2.5)%E 25.4 (8.5) g Median 11.7%E 24.6 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA: 17.4 (2.8)%E Median 4.4%E 37.0 (10.9) g Median 34.9 g PUFA: 4.5 (1.0)%E Median 4.4%E 9.8 (3.5) g Median 9.3 g |
| The Netherlands 1 2011–2014 Cross sectional study |
Goldbohm 2016 [85] | 2 d Record | 1 y n = 411 |
4954 kJ (822) = ~1184 kcal (196) |
28.7%E (4.8) 38 g (10) |
10.3%E (1.9) 13.5 g (3.4) |
5.1%E (1.7) = 6.7 g (2.7) |
0.7%E (0.2) 900 (300) |
20 (50) |
~40 | MUFA: 12.9(4.2) g = 9.8%E (2.4) n-6 PUFA: 5.7 (1.7)%E = 6.8 (2.7) g n-3 PUFA: 1.0 (0.3) g = 0.7%E (0.2) PUFA: 8.0 (3.1) g = 6.1%E (1.9) EPA: 20 mg (30) |
| 2 y n = 497 |
5424 kJ (872) = ~1296 kcal (208) |
28.9%E (4.5) 42 g (10) |
10.3%E (1.8) = 14.8 g (3.7) |
5.0%E (1.5) = 7.2 g (2.6) |
0.7%E (0.2) 1000 (300) |
20 (40) |
~30 | MUFA: 9.9%E (2.3) 14.4 g (4.5) n-6 PUFA: 5.0 (1.5)%E 7.3 (2.6) g n-3 PUFA: 0.7%E (0.2) 1.0 g (0.4) PUFA: 5.9%E (1.7) 8.6 g (3.0) EPA 10 mg (20) |
|||
| 3 y (3 y–48 Mon.) n = 410 |
5841 kJ (923) = ~1396 kcal (221) |
29.3%E (4.3) 45 g (11) |
10.4%E (1.7) = 16.1 g (3.8) |
5.1%E (1.5) = 7.9 g (3.0) |
0.7%E (0.2) 1000 (400) |
20 (40) |
~30 | MUFA 10.2%E (2.2) 15.8 g (4.4) n-6 PUFA 5.1 (1.5)%E 8.0 (3.0) g n-3 PUFA 0.7%E (0.2) 1.1 g (0.4) PUFA 6.0%E (1.7) 9.4 g (3.4) EPA 10 mg (30) |
|||
| The Netherlands 2 National Survey 2012–2016 Cross sectional study |
Van Rossum 2020; Steenbergen 2021 [35,86] | 2x 24 h + FFQ | 1–3 y M: n = 332 F: n = 340 |
M: 5500 kJ ~1315 kcal Median 5300 kJ ~1267 kcal F: 5200 kJ ~1243 kcal Median 5100 kJ ~1219 kcal |
M: 29.5%E = 44 g Median 29.4%E = 42 g F: 29.4%E = 42 g Median 29.4%E = 41 g |
M: 11.1%E = 16 g Median 11%E = 16 g F: 11%E = 16 g Median 10.9%E = 16 g |
M: 4.6%E = 7 g Median 4.5%E = 7 g F: 4.6%E = 7 g Median 4.5%E = 6 g |
M: 0.6%E = 900 mg Median 0.6%E = 800 mg F: 0.6%E = 900 mg Median 0.6%E = 800 mg |
NR | M: 51 Median 34 F: 63 Median 43 |
Cis- UFA FA M: 15.8%E = 23 g Median 15.6%E = 22 g F: 15.6%E = 23 g Median 15.4%E = 22 g |
| 4–8 y M: n = 261 F: n = 259 |
M: 7600 kJ ~1816 kcal Median 7400 kJ ~1625 kcal F: 6800 kJ ~1625 kcal; Median 6700 kJ ~1601 kcal |
M: 31.7%E = 65 g Median 31.6%E = 63 g F: 31.8%E = 58 g Median 31.7%E = 57 g |
M: 11.8%E = 24 g Median 11.7%E = 24 g F: 11.8%E = 22 g Median 11.7%E = 21 g |
M: 5%E = 11 g Median 4.9%E = 8 g F: 5.1%E = 10 g Median 5.0%E = 7 g |
M: 0.6%E = 1300 mg Median 0.6%E = 1200 mg F: 0.6%E = 1100 mg Median 0.6%E = 1100 mg |
NR | M: 74 Median 50 F: 81 Median 56 |
Cis- UFA FA M: 17%E = 36 g Median 16.8%E = 34 g F: 17.2%E = 32 g Median 17%E = 31 g |
|||
| Poland One medium size city & his area Date of data collection not found Cross-sectional study |
Merkiel 2014 [87] | 3 d Record | 6 y N = 120 |
7707 kJ (1335) 1840 kcal (319) Median (SE) 7589 kJ (122) 1812 kcal (29) |
32.7 (4.0)%E = 68.2 (16.3) g Median 32.7 (0.4)%E = 66.1 (1.5) g |
14.5 (2.3)%E = 29.79 (8.21) g Median 14.4 (0.2)%E = 29.13 (0.75) g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA: 12.3 (1.8)%E; 25.36 (6.41) g Median 12.2 (0.2)%E 24.38 0.58 PUFA: 4.1 (1.4)%E = 8.26 (2.87) Medians: 3.8 (0.1)%E = 7.87 (0.26) g |
| Spain 1 National (ENALIA) 2013–2014 Cross-sectional study |
López-Sobaler 2019 [88] |
2 d Record + FFQ | 1–3 y n = 407 M 218 F 189 |
M: ~6188.1 kJ (895); 1479 kcal (214) F: ~5773.9 kJ (723.8); 1380 kcal (173) Medians: M: ~6163 kJ; 1473 kcal F: ~5740 kJ; 1372 kcal |
M: 34.6 (3.4)%E; 57.7 g (11.9) F: 34.6 (3.1)%E; 52.8 g (8.7) Medians: M: 34.6%E; 57.1 g F: 34.6%E; 52.2 g |
M: 11.9 (3.2)%E; 19.8 g (7) F: 11.9 (3.6)%E; 18.3 g (6.5) Medians: M: 12%E; 19.5 g F: 12%E; 17.7 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA M: 11.3%E; 19.2 (6.1) g F: 11.6%E; 17.8 (5.0) g Medians: M 11:.3%E; 18.8 g F: 11.5%E; 17.5 g PUFA Means: M: 4.9 (0.9)%E; 8.4; (2.2) g F: 5.0 (0.7)%E; 7.7 (1.3) g Medians: M: 4.8%E; 8.1 g F: 4.9%E; 7.5 g |
| 4–8 y n = 418 M 211 F 207 |
M ~ 7727.8 kJ (882) 1847 kcal (211) F ~6912 kJ (657) 1652 kcal (157) Medians M ~7694.4 kJ 1839 kcal F ~6887 kJ 1646 kcal |
M 34.8 (2.9)%E = 71.9 g (8.7) g F 35.6 (2.8)%E = 65.4 g (7.2) g Medians M 34.8%E = 71.5 g F 35.6%E = 65.1 g |
M 13.1 (1.6)%E = 27.1 g (4.6) F 13.1 (1.9)%E = 24 g (4) Medians M 13.1%E = 26.8 g F 13.1%E = 23.7 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA M 13.2%E = 27.4 g (4.3) F 14.1%E = 25.9 g (2.6) Medians: M 13.2%E = 27.1 g F 14%E = 25.8 g PUFA M 5.1%E = 10.5 g (0.8) F 4.9%E = 9.1 g (1.7) Medians: M 5.1%E = 10.5 g F 4.8%E = 8.9 g |
|||
| Spain 2 Urban areas across 9 Spain geographical areas (EsNuPI Study 2018–2019) prospective, cross-sectional, observational |
Madrigal 2020 [89,90] | 2x 24 h + correction |
1–<3 y n = 162 |
~5142 kJ (1452) 1229 kcal (347) Median ~5083.6 kJ 1215 kcal |
36.7%E; 49.6 g (16.84) Median 47.34 g |
13.1%E = 17.58 g (7.81) Median 16.88 g |
~3.7% = 5.03 g (3.28) Median 4.45 g |
~0.26%E = 360 (150) mg Median 350 mg |
80 (120) Median 20 |
~130 | MUFA: 19.19 g (8.75) 14.5%E Median 19.25 n-6 PUFA: 5.09 g (3.28) = 3.6%E Median 4.51 g n-3 PUFA: 0.53 g (0.28) 0.4%E Median 0.49 g PUFA: 5.66 g (3.79) 3.9%E Median 5.15 g DPA: 30 mg (30) Median 20 EPA: 50 mg (70) Median 10 ARA: 60 mg (50) Median 50 |
| 3–<6 y n = 244 |
~6242.5 kJ (1451.8) 1492 kcal (347) Median ~6263.4 kJ 1497 kcal |
36.8%E; 60.83 (17.89) g Median 60.34 g |
13.5%E = 22.43 (7.20) g Median 22.18 g |
~3.8%E; 6.36 (3.24) g Median 5.85 g |
~0.27%E 450 (160) mg Median 430 mg |
80 (140) Median 20 |
~130 | MUFA: 25.56 g (8.21) 15.5%E Median 25.29 g n-6 PUFA: 6.44 g (3.25) 3.9%E Median 5.91 g n-3 PUFA: 0.63 g (0.27) 0.4%E Median 0.59 g PUFA: 7.72 g (3.41) 4.2%E Median 7.16 g DPA: 50 mg (40) Median 40 EPA: 50 mg (70) Median 10 ARA: 80 mg (50) Median 70 |
|||
| Sweden National Food Survey 2003 |
Enghardt Barbieri, 2003 [91] | 4 d Record | 4 y n = 590 |
6300 kJ 1505 kcal |
31.7%E (4.4) = 54 g (14) Median: 31.7%E = 53 g |
14.4%E (2.5) = 25 g (7) Median: 14.3%E = 24 g |
3%E = 5 g (1.6) Median 4.8 g |
0.6%E = 1000 (300)mg Median 900 mg |
100 (180) Median 60 |
140 | MUFA: 11.3%E (1.8) = 19 g (5) Medians: 11.2%E = 19 g n-6 (LA+ARA): 3%E (0.8); 5 (1.7) g Medians: 2.8%E = 4.9 g n-3 (ALA+ EPA+ DPA+ DHA): 0.7%E (0.2); 1.1(0.5) Medians: 0.6%E = 1.1 g PUFA: 3.7%E (0.9–1.0) = 6 g (2) Medians: 3.5%E = 6 g EPA 40: (80)mg Median: 10 mg DPA: 30 (50) mg Median: 20 mg |
| Turkey Nutrition and Health Survey 2010 Nationally representative Cross-sectional survey |
Reported in Rippin 2018 (review) [14] | 24 h FFQ, or face to face interview | 2–5 y | M 5500 kJ 1253 kcal; F 5300 kJ 1190 kcal |
M ~37.4%E = 52 g; F~37.0%E = 49 g |
M ~12.9%E = 17.9 g; F ~12.8%E = 16.9 g |
n-6 PUFA 11: M ~9.1%E = 12.6 g F ~8.7%E = 11.5 g |
n-3 PUFA 14: M: ~0.7%E = 1000 mg F 0.7%E = 900 mg |
NR | NR | NR |
| 6–8 y | M 1587; F 1510 |
M: ~35.2%E = 62 g; F: ~35.8%E = 60 g |
M ~12.0%E = 21.1 g; F ~11.7%E = 19.6 g |
n-6 PUFA 11: M ~8.8%E = 15.6 g F ~9.3%E = 15.6 g |
n-3 PUFA 14: M ~0.6%E = 1100 mg; F ~0.7%E = 1200 mg |
NR | NR | NR | |||
| UK 1 National (NDNS) 2008–2011 Cross-sectional survey |
Gibson 2014 [92] | 4 d Record |
1.5–3 y n = 185 |
4700 kJ 1110 kcal |
34.1%E = 42 g |
15.1%E = 18.8 g |
n-6 PUFA 11: 3.8%E = 4.7 g |
n-3 PUFA 14: 0.7%E = 800 mg |
NR | NR | MUFA: 13.9 g (11.2%E) |
| UK 2 National (DNSIYC) 2011 Cross-sectional survey |
Gibson 2014 [92] | 4 d Record |
12–18 Mon. n = 1275 |
4100 kJ 967 kcal |
35.4%E = 38 g |
16.3%E = 17.5 g |
n-6 PUFA 11: 3.7%E = 4 g |
n-3 PUFA 14: 0.7%E = 700 mg |
NR | NR | MUFA: 12.4 g (11.5%E) |
| UK 3 National (NDNS) 2014–2016 Cross-sectional survey |
NDNS website, results from y 7–8 of the Rolling Programme [93] | 4 d Record |
1.5–3 y n = 250 |
~4502 kJ (1013) 1076 kcal (242) Median 4309.5 kJ 1030 kcal |
34.4%E (5.4) = 41.3 (12)g Median: 34.6%E = 39 g |
14.5%E (3.4) = 17.5 (6.2)g Median: 14.7%E = 16.6 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 4–10 y n = 514 |
5991.5 kJ (1368.2) 1432 kcal (327) Median: 4309.5 kJ 1400 kcal |
33.4%E (4.4) = 53.5 g (15.6) Median: 33.7%E = 51.7 g |
13 (2.7)%E = 20.9 (7.1) g Median: 12.9%E = 19.9 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
| UK 4 National (NDNS) 2008–2009 & 2011–2012 Cross-sectional survey |
SACN Report 2019 [24] | 3–4 d Record |
4–10 y n = not indicated |
NR | NR | NR | n-6 PUFA 11: 4.4 (1.3)%E 7.5 (2.9) g Median: 4.2%E = 7 g |
n-3 PUFA 14: = 0.8 (0.3)%E 1400 (600) mg Median: 0.8%E = 1300 mg |
NR | NR | MUFA: 20.5 (6.3) g = 12 (2.1)%E Median: 20 g = 11.9%E |
| Middle East | |||||||||||
| Lebanon National 2012 Cross-sectional study |
Reported in Nasreddine 2018 (review) [16] |
24 h | 2–5 y n = 531; M: n = 284; F: n = 247 |
~6618.25 kJ (2689.1) 1581.8 kcal (642.7) |
38.8%E = 69.9 g (34.7) |
12.7%E | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| United Arab Emirates (UAE) National Cross-sectional study |
Ali 2013 [94] |
24 h | 6–8 y M: n = 78 F: n = 85 |
M: ~6389 kJ (SE 284.1) 1527 kcal (SE 67.9) F: ~6125.4 kJ (SE 261.9) 1464 kcal (SE 62.6) |
M: 26.3%E (SE 0.9) F: 24.4%E (SE 1.5) |
M: 9.77%E (SE 0.6) F:8.9%E (SE 0.7) |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Oceania | |||||||||||
| Australia 1 Melbourne 2008–2010 Control arm of a RCT |
Lioret 2013 [95] |
3x 24 h | 18 Mon. n = 177 |
4473.3 kJ (779.4) 1069 kcal (186.3) Median 4408.4 kJ 1054 kcal |
~32.75%E = 38.9 g (9.3) Median ~32.5%E = 38.1 g |
~16.7%E = 19.8 g (5.2) Median ~16.6%E = 19.4 g |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Australia 2 National (ANCNPA) 2007 Cross-sectional survey |
Meyer 2011 [36] |
2x 24 h | 2–3 y n = 1071 |
6038 kJ 15 1443 kcal |
NR | NR | ~3.3%E = 5.3 g (2.7) Median 4.7 g |
~0.53%E = 850 mg (510) Median 750 mg |
NR 16 | NR 16 | |
| 4–8 y n = 1216 |
7245 kj 15 1732 kcal |
NR | NR | ~3.5%E = 6.7 g (3.4) Median 6.0 g |
~0.57%E = 1010 mg (560) Median 910 mg |
NR 16 | NR 16 | ||||
| Australia 3 National (ANCNPA) 2007 Cross-sectional survey |
Rahmawaty 2013 [37] | 2x 24 h | 2–3 y n = 1071 |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 31.2 (77.2) Median 3.9 |
~47.7 Median ~9.2 mg |
LC n-3 PUFA: (EPA+DPA+DHA) 59.7 (128.5) Median: 21.5 mg DPA: 12 mg (18.6) Median: DPA 6.2 mg EPA 16.5 mg (40.5) Median: 5.3 mg |
| 4–8 y n = 1216 |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 35.9 (92.7) Median 5.1 |
55.1 | LC n-3 PUFA (EPA+DPA+DHA): 70.5 (152.7) Median: 26.1 DPA: 15.3 (23.5) Median: 8.2 mg EPA: 19.2 (47.6) Median: 6.7 mg |
|||
| Australia 4 National (ANCNPA) 2007 Cross-sectional survey |
Rangan 2014 [38] |
24 h | 2–8 y n = 2078 (only plausible energy intake reporters) |
7010 kJ (40) ~1675 kcal (9.56) |
30.4%E (0.15) | 13.8%E (0.09) | NR | NR | NR | NR | MUFA: 10.4%E (0.07) PUFA: 3.8%E (0.04) |
| Australia 5 Adelaide (South) 2005–2007 Cross-sectional survey |
Zhou 2012 [96] |
3 d Record | 1–2 y n = 92 |
Median: 4241 kJ 1013 kcal |
Median: 40 g ~35.5%E |
Median: 20 g ~17.7%E |
Median: n-6 PUFA 11 ~2.11%E 2.380 g |
Median: n-3 PUFA 14 474 mg ~0.42%E |
NR | NR | Median: n-3 LCPUFA (EPA + DPA + DHA): 22 mg |
| >2–3 y n = 67 |
Median: 5024 kJ 1201 kcal |
Median: 46 g ~34.5%E |
Median: 23 g ~17.2%E |
Median: n-6 PUFA 11 3.123 g ~2.34%E |
Median: n-3 PUFA 14 562 mg ~0.42%E |
NR | NR | Median: n-3 LCPUFA (EPA + DPA + DHA): 20 mg |
|||
| >3–4 y n = 70 |
Median: 5049 kJ 1207 kcal |
Median: 43 g ~32.1%E |
Median: 20 g ~14.9%E |
Median: n-6 PUFA 11 3.478 g ~2.6%E |
Median: n-3 PUFA 14 459 mg ~0.34%E |
NR | NR | Median: n-3 LCPUFA (EPA + DPA + DHA): 26 mg |
|||
| >4–5 y n = 68 |
Median: 5982 kJ 1430 kcal |
Median: 51 g ~32.1%E |
Median: 24 g ~15.1%E |
Median: n-6 PUFA 11 4.357 g ~2.7%E |
Median: n-3 PUFA 14 581 mg ~0.37%E |
NR | NR | Median: n-3 LCPUFA (EPA + DPA + DHA): 34 mg |
|||
Abbreviations: 24 h: Single administration of 24 h dietary recall on whole sample; 24 h × (24 h): Single administration of 24 h dietary recall on whole sample plus repeat(s) on subsample; %E: % of total daily energy intake; ALA: alpha-linolenic acid; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; DPA: docosapentaenoic acid, 22:5 n-3; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; F: females; FA: fatty acid; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; LA: linoleic acid; LC-PUFA: long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; M: males; Mon.: month; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA: saturated fatty acids; UFA: unsaturated fatty acids; WFR: weighed food record. y: year. STUDIES: ANCNPA: Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey; CCHS: Canadian Community Health Survey; DAGIS: Increased Health and Wellbeing in Preschools (Finland); DIPP: Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention study (Finland); DONALD: Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study (Germany); DONGuRI: Dietary Observation and Nutrient intake for Good health Research in Japanese young children; ENALIA: National Dietary Survey on the Child and Adolescent Population project in Spain; ENSANUT: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Mexico); EsKiMo: Eating study as a KiGGS Module (Germany); EsNuPI: Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population; FECHIC: Food Environment Chilean Cohort; FITS: Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study; GUSTO: Growing-up in Singapore (mother-offspring cohort study); INCA: Étude Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires; INRAN-SCAI: Italian National Food Consumption Survey; KiGGS: German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents; KNHANES VI: sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NCFS: Irish National Children Food Survey; NDNS: National Dietary Nutrition Survey (UK); NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (US); NHNSJ: National Health and Nutrition Survey (Japan); NNS: National Nutrition Survey (Australia); NPNS: National Pre-School Nutrition Survey (Ireland); PANIC: Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children; PDIS: Provincial Dietary Intake Study (South Africa; Follow-up of the 1999 National Food Consumption Study); RISKESDAS: Indonesia Basic Health Research. Energy intakes, expressed in Joules, were converted to kcal, or vice versa, using the factor 1 MJ = 239.006 kcal, and both units can be found in Table 2. Except for LC n-3 PUFA, when fat and fatty acid intakes were given in absolute amounts, the intake value was calculated in %E using the total daily energy intake found in the same paper or another publication of the same population using a factor of 9 kcal/g fat or fatty acid. 1 All along the table, “~ kcal” or ”~kJ” means that we converted the energy unit (1 kJ = 0.239006 kcal). 2 All along the table, “~x%E” means that we calculated the %E for fat (or FA) (~x%E = 100 × daily mean (or median) fat (or FA) intake (in g/day) × 9/total daily mean (or median) energy intake (in kcal). 3 The SE were calculated using the reported 95th confidence interval (95% CI = mean ± [1.96 * SE]), all along the tables, for papers that reported the 95% CI. 4 Energy intake values for this study were found in Garriguet, D. [97] 5 The mean of EPA + DHA was not reported while mean EPA and mean DHA were available. All along the table, “~EPA + DHA” means that we calculated the sum based on the average of the two individual FA. 6 Calculated based on daily energy intake of 1141 kcal/day as reported in Butte et al., [29] 7 Calculated based on daily energy intake of 1308 kcal/day as reported in Butte et al., [29] 8 Calculated based on daily energy intake of 1534 kcal/day at 4–5 y as reported in Hamner et al., [98] 9 Calculated based on daily energy intake of 1214 kcal (at 1 year) to 1534 kcal at 4 years as reported in Hamner et al., [98] 10 Calculated based on daily energy intake of 1961 kcal (for 6–11 years-old children) as reported in Murakami & Livingstone [99] 11 In this study (as in 10 other included studies) n-6 PUFA was assessed while LA was not; we reported n-6 PUFA value in the “LA” column; indeed, LA intake constitutes ~97% of n-6 PUFA intake [54,73]. Since both values are very close, we used the value for “n-6 PUFA” as estimation for “LA”. 12 In this study (as in 3 studies from Japan), n-3 PUFA was assessed while ALA was not. Given the high EPA and DHA intake in Japan, we estimated ALA intake as 60% n-3 PUFA intake, as per (Kakutani et al., [100] and Kusumoto et al., [101]). 13 Energy intake values for this study were calculated from energy intake values from the National Japanese studies: we calculated the average of 2005–2008 studies for males and females separately. 14 In this study (as in 7 other studies) n-3 PUFA was assessed while ALA was not and we reported n-3 PUFA value in the “ALA” column; ALA intake constitutes ~87–90% of n-3 PUFA intake [Ramirez Silva (54], Kim [73]). Since both values were very close, we used the value for “n-3 PUFA” as estimation for “ALA”. 15 Energy intake values for Australia ANCNPA were found in [102] 16 Long chain n-3 PUFA (EPA, DPA and DHA) in the paper of Meyer 2011 were not considered because they were recalculated and reported in Rahmawaty [37] after identification of errors in LC n-3 PUFA composition of certain foods (e.g., margarines) in the AUSNUT database used for the paper of Meyer [36].