Table 2.
Details of vaccines for COVID-19.
| Vaccine Design | Name | Country | Current Stage | Dose | NAbs (GMT) | Efficacy | Note | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inactivated vaccine | CoronaVac | China | Multinational EUA | 2 | 23.8~44.1 | 50.65%~91.25% | Safe in the elderly and juveniles | [66,67] |
| BBIBP-CorV | China | Multinational EUA | 2 | / | 79.34% | Safe, pilot-scale production | [70] | |
| / Covaxin |
China India |
Multinational EUA India EUA | 2 2 |
121~247 / |
72.51% 81% |
Safe / |
[72] [65] |
|
| Virus-vectored vaccine | ChAdOx1 | Britain | Multinational EUA | 2 | 274 (232~542) | 66.7% | Reduced efficacy in the variants, adverse effects | [98,99,100,101,102] |
| Convidicea | China | Multinational EUA | 1 | 18.3~19.5 | 70.4% | Tolerable, safe in elder people, pre-existing Ad5 immunity | [91,92] | |
| Ad26-S Sputnik V |
America Russia |
America EUA Multinational EUA |
1/2 2 |
113/600 44.5 (31.8–62.2) |
66% 91.6% |
Adverse effects Immunogenic in older |
[95] [103,104] |
|
| CORAVAX™ | America | Phase I/II | 1/3 | / | / | Safe, long-lasting protection. | [112] | |
| Nucleotide vaccine | INO-4800 | America | Phase II | 2 | PNT:70~170 | / | Antibody responses against both the D614 and G614 SARS-CoV-2 | [117] |
| bacTRL-S-1 | America | Phase I/II | 2 | IC50:P: ~27 (W12) | / | Multiforms, reduce median viral loads | [116] | |
| mRNA-1273 | America | Multinational EUA | 2 | PRNT80: 339.7; 654.3 | 94.5% | Antibodies remained more than 3 months | [121,122] | |
| BNT162b2 | America | Multinational EUA | 2 | NT: 540; PNT: 10,000 | 95% | Antibody persisted for at least 70 days | [124,128] | |
| ARCoV | China | Phase I/II | 2 | NT50: ~1/699, ~1/6482 | / | Completely protect mice against the challenge, thermostable | [127] | |
| saRNA LNP | Britain | Phase I/II | 2 | NT: 80 to 20,480 | / | Highly immunogenetic | [129] | |
| Nanoparticle | America | Phase I/II | 2 | IC50: 3 × 103 to 7 × 103 | / | Robust nAbs targeting distinct epitopes, stability, highly scalable | [130] | |
| Subunit vaccine | SCB-2019 | Australia | Phase III | 2 | 1280~3948/1076~3320 | / | Need adjuvant, robust immune responses | [81] |
| NVX-CoV2373 | America | Phase III | 2 | 3906 | 89.33% | / | [82] | |
| ZF1001 | China | Multinational EUA | 2/3 | 102.5 | / | Neutralizing 501Y.V2 | [79,80] |
Note: EUA: emergency use approval; IC50: the half maximal inhibitory concentration; NT: neutralizing titers; NT50: half maximum neutralization potency; PNT: pseudovirus neutralizing titers; PRNT80: plaque-reduction neutralization testing assay that shows reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity by 80% or more. NAbs titers list from low to high dose.