Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Variable | Ketonuria n = 360 (5.8%) |
No Ketonuria n = 5842 (94.2%) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 41.1 ± 10.0 | 44.6 ± 11.2 | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 185 (51.4) | 2907 (49.8) | 0.585 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 3.5 | 23.3 ± 3.1 | 0.835 |
| WC (cm) | 79.6 ± 9.3 | 79.2 ± 8.5 | 0.508 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Obesity, n (%) | 100 (27.8) | 1595 (27.3) | 0.892 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 32 (8.9) | 432 (7.4) | 0.346 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 15 (4.2) | 329 (5.6) | 0.289 |
| Liver profiles | |||
| AST, IU/L | 26.0 ± 22.0 | 23.8 ± 10.7 | 0.063 |
| ALT, IU/L | 27.6 ± 24.1 | 24.1 ± 19.1 | 0.008 |
| PLT, K/uL | 242.8 ± 53.1 | 243.3 ± 56.1 | 0.866 |
| GGT, IU/L | 28.2 ± 32.0 | 27.5 ± 29.1 | 0.695 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 0.001 |
| Glucose profiles | |||
| FPG, mg/dL | 87.2 ± 9.1 | 91.0 ± 8.1 | <0.001 |
| Insulin level, microU/mL |
4.1 ± 2.3 | 6.2 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Lipid profiles | |||
| TC, mg/dL | 198.2 ± 35.3 | 199.2 ± 34.6 | 0.616 |
| TG, mg/dL | 96.7 ± 64.6 | 121.2 ± 75.5 | <0.001 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 59.2 ± 15.7 | 59.4 ± 15.2 | 0.775 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 119.7 ± 34.3 | 115.5 ± 32.1 | 0.117 |
| hsCRP, mg/dL | 0.11 ± 0.25 | 0.09 ± 0.17 | 0.143 |
| Fibrosis scoring system |
|||
| NFS | −3.0 ± 1.0 | −2.8 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Fib-4 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%), unless otherwise specified. BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; PLT, platelet count; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of insulin resistance; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high sensitivity C reactive protein; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; Fib-4, fibrosis-4.