Figure 1.

Boxplots for alpha diversity metrics comparing pre- and post-treatment samples in the treatment group (top) and control group (bottom). The treatment group received a single subcutaneous injection of danofloxacin. Asterisks show significant differences (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01) between pre- and post-treatment microbial communities for the respective group. Note: the control group was divided into pre- and post-treatment to compare with the treatment group in a temporal manner; otherwise, the calves in the control group did not receive any antibiotic. The observed OTUs and Shannon index do not have units, but they measure microbial richness and evenness based on OTU counts and abundance.