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. 2021 Oct 15;26(20):6252. doi: 10.3390/molecules26206252

Table 2.

Pharmacological activities of Cassia obtusifolia extracts.

Pharmacological Activity Part of Plant Type of Extract In Vivo/
In Vitro
Model Administration (In Vivo) Dose Range Active Concentration Reference
Neuroprotective Activity Seeds 85% EtOH ext. In vivo Ameliorate scopolamine or 2VO-induced memory impairments by inhibiting AChE Oral 25–100 mg/kg 50 mg/kg [8]
Seeds 85% EtOH ext. In vivo Neuroprotection by inhibition of pro-inflammatory genes iNOX, and COX-2, and increased neurotrophic factor expression of pCREB and BDNF Oral 10, 50 mg/kg 50 mg/kg [33]
Seeds 85% EtOH ext. In vitro Reduced Aβ toxicity and maintenance of Ca2+ dysregulation and excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction in primary hippocampal cultures - 0.1–10 µg/mL 1, 10 µg/mL [11]
Seeds EtOH ex. In vivo protected the dopaminergic cells against 6-OHDA- and MPP+-induced neurotoxicities in primary mesencephalic cultures and in a mouse model in PD Intraperitoneal injection 0.1–10 µg/mL for DA, 50 mg/kg mouse 0.1, 1 µg/mL
50 mg/kg
[34]
Seeds EtOH ext. In vitro Inhibited cell loss against 6-OHDA-induced DA neural toxicity by an anti-oxidant and anti-mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis mechanism in PC12 cells. - 0.1–10 µg/mL
1000 µg/mL for DPPH, ABTS
1 µg/mL ROS, 10 µg/mL GSH, 75% Casp-3, 92%-DPPH, 85% ABTS [35]
Seeds MeOH ext.
EtOAc fr.
CH2Cl2 fr.
BuOH fr.
In vitro Inhibitory activity against MAO-A, and MAO-B - 0.25–120 µg/mL EtOAc fr. exhibited greatest inhibitory IC50 = 20, and 56 µg/mL activity against MAO-A, and MAO-B [36]
Seeds MeOH ext.
EtOAc fr.
CH2Cl2 fr.
BuOH fr.
H2O fr.
In vitro Inhibitory activity against AChE, BChE, BACE1 - 0.4–120 µg/mL IC50 = 9.45~29 µg/mL for AChE, IC50 = 7.58~49 µg/mL for BChE, IC50 = 26~96 µg/mL for BACE1 [10]
Seeds 85% EtOH ext. In vivo Ameliorate Aβ-induced LTP impairment in the acute hippocampal slices and regulates GSK-3β, Akt signaling pathways through the inhibition of iNOS, COX expression - 1 and 10 µg/mL 10 µg/mL [35]
Hepatoprotective Activity Seeds MeOH ext. In vitro Protection against tacrine-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells - 300 µg/mL 300 µg/mL [36]
Seeds 70% EtOH ext.
EtOAc, CH2Cl2, BuOH, H2O fr.
In vitro Protective effect against t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells - 10–100 µg/mL EtOAc fr. showed most potent hepatoprotective activity (30 µg/mL) [12]
Seeds EtOH ext. In vivo Hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced liver injury in mice Intraperitoneal injection 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg Reduced ALT and AST, Ca2+, MDA, and increased GSH, SOD, GR, GPx, GST, CYP2E1 (2 g/kg) [15]
seeds EtOAc fr. CH2Cl2 fr.
BuOH fr.
H2O fr.
In vitro Protective effect against t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells - 12.5–50 µg/mL EtOAc fr. showed most potent hepatoprotective activity (50 µg/mL) [37]
Seeds 70% EtOH ext. In vivo (a) Significantly decreased the levels of AST, ALT, TG, TC, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MDA; (b) Increased the levels of SOD and GSH; (c) Significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of LDL-R Oral 0.5–2 g/kg (a) Dose-dependently decreased biomarkers at 0.5–2 g/kg; (b) Dose-dependently decreased at 0.5–2 g/kg; (c) Significantly increased the levels of LDL-R at 2 g/kg [38]
Anti-diabetic Activity Seeds MeOH ext.
EtOAc fr.
CH2Cl2 fr.
BuOH fr.
H2O fr.
In vitro Inhibitory activity against PTP1B and α-glucosidase - 0.4–400 µg/mL for PTP1B, 0.16–400 µg/mL
for α-glucosidase
MeOH ext. (IC50 = 14 µg/mL) and EtOAc fr. (IC50 = 74 µg/mL) exhibited greatest inhibitory activity against PTP1B and α-glucosidase [9]
Seeds EtOH ext. In vitro Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase - 1000 µg/mL 20% inhibition of α-glucosidase (1000 µg/mL) [39]
Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Immune-modulatory Activities Roasted seeds Hot H2O ext. In vivo Protection against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis through the inhibition of (IL)-6, COX-2, NF-κB Oral 1 g/kg Significantly reduced clinical signs and the levels of inflammatory mediators (at concentration 1 g/kg) [40]
Seeds H2O soluble polysaccharide fr. In vitro Increased immune-modulatory activity by promoting phagocytosis and stimulating the production of NO and cytokines TNF- and IL-6 on macrophage cell line RAW264.7 - 62.5–500 µg/mL Stimulates NO, TNF- and IL-6 expression (250 µg/mL) and promotes phagocytic activity (500 µg/mL) [41]
Seeds MeOH ext. In vitro DPPH, Fe [II], superoxide radicals scavenging activity and inhibit ß-carotene degradation - 1 mg/mL Inhibition 65.79% DPPH, 50.78% superoxide radical, 49.92% inhibit ß-carotene degradation,1292 mM Fe [II] inhibited (at 1 mg/mL) [14]
Antimicrobial Activity Seeds MeOH ext.
Hexane fr.
EtOAc fr.
CH2Cl2 fr.
BuOH
fr.H2O fr.
In vitro Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. breve, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus casei - 5 mg discs−1 CH2Cl2 fr, MeOH ext. and Hexane fr. exhibited the greatest antibacterial activity [7]
Leaf Pet ether ext.
EtOH ext.
Chloroform ext.
In vitro Aspergilus fumigatus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Candia albicans - 0.6–1 mg/mL Pet ether, chloroform ext. active against C. albicans (MIC 0.3524, and 0.4239 mg/mL), ethanol E. faecalis (MIC 0.2738 mg/mL) [18]
stem Pet ether ext.
EtOH ext.
Chloroform ext.
In vitro Aspergilus fumigatus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Candia albicans 0.6–1 mg/mL Ethanol, pet ether, chloroform ext. was more active against E.faecalis (MIC 0.298, 0.254, and 0.589 mg/mL, respectively) [18]
Whole plant MeOH ext. In vitro E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes Providencia stuartii, K.pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, S. aureus - 256 µg/mL inhibition of S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae (MIC ranges of 64–289 μg/mL [42]
Larvicidal Activity Seeds MeOH ext. In vitro Larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens - 10–300 ppm 40 ppm [43]
Seeds Chloroform fr. In vitro Larvicidal activity against A. aegypti, Aedes togoi, and Cx. pipiens - 25 mg/L 100% Mortality (at concentration 25 mg/L) [44]
Leaf EtOH ext. In vitro Larvicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi - 25–125 mg/L LC50 = 52.2 mg/L, LC90 = 108.7 mg/L (at concentration 25 mg/L) [45]
Leaf EtOH ext. In vitro Anti-oviposition activity against Anopheles stephensi - 100–400 mg/L 92.5% for 400 mg/L
87.2% for 300 mg/L
83.0% for 200 mg/L
[45]