Table 4.
Association between elevated systolic blood pressure and pure and total fructose exposure from various fructose-containing foods.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
| For Girls |
Elevated SBP
(n = 84) |
OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p |
| Pure fructose | 0.97 * | 0.66 * | |||
| Low | 22/284 (7.7%) | 1.00 (ref.) | - | 1.00 (ref.) | - |
| Middle | 22/311 (7.1%) | 0.72 (0.37 to 1.39) | 0.32 | 0.76 (0.38 to 1.53) | 0.45 |
| High | 40/306 (13.1%) | 0.96 (0.51 to 1.84) | 0.91 | 1.14 (0.55 to 2.39) | 0.72 |
| Total fructose exposure | 0.48 * | 0.86 * | |||
| Low | 24/285 (8.4%) | 1.00 (ref.) | - | 1.00 (ref.) | - |
| Middle | 21/310 (6.8%) | 0.67 (0.35 to 1.28) | 0.23 | 0.80 (0.40 to 1.60) | 0.54 |
| High | 39/306 (12.7%) | 0.83 (0.44 to 1.57) | 0.57 | 1.06 (0.50 to 2.21) | 0.89 |
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
| For Boys |
Elevated SBP
(n = 79) |
OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p |
| Pure fructose | 0.12 * | 0.035 * | |||
| Low | 24/258 (9.3%) | 1.00 (ref.) | - | 1.00 (ref.) | - |
| Middle | 25/270 (9.3%) | 0.72 (0.38 to 1.34) | 0.30 | 0.55 (0.27 to 1.09) | 0.084 |
| High | 30/276 (10.9%) | 0.60 (0.31 to 1.14) | 0.12 | 0.44 (0.21 to 0.93) | 0.031 |
| Total fructose exposure | 0.44 * | 0.13 * | |||
| Low | 21/256 (8.2%) | 1.00 (ref.) | - | 1.00 (ref.) | - |
| Middle | 28/273 (10.3%) | 0.96 (0.51 to 1.80) | 0.89 | 0.64 (0.32 to 1.30) | 0.22 |
| High | 30/275 (10.9%) | 0.78 (0.41 to 1.50) | 0.46 | 0.54 (0.25 to 1.17) | 0.12 |
High SBP is defined as a value greater than the 90th percentile (>125 mmHg for girls and >137 mmHg for boys). Model 1: adjusted for centre. Model 2: adjusted for centre, age, Z-score BMI, MVPA duration, tobacco consumption, salt intake and energy intake and calculated after multiple imputations (m = 10) to handle missing data. * p calculated using fructose levels as ordinal variable. Abbreviations: SBP = systolic blood pressure; OR = odds-ratio; CI = confidence interval.