Table 5.

Association between elevated diastolic blood pressure and pure and total fructose exposure from various fructose-containing foods.

		Model 1		Model 2
For Girls	Elevated DBP (n = 86)	OR (95%CI)	p	OR (95%CI)	p
Pure fructose			0.12 *		0.038 *
Low	23/284 (8.1%)	1.00 (ref.)	-	1.00 (ref.)	-
Middle	18/311 (5.8%)	0.68 (0.35 to 1.33)	0.26	0.67 (0.34 to 1.34)	0.26
High	45/306 (14.7%)	1.51 (0.81 to 2.78)	0.19	1.93 (0.99 to 3.75)	0.052
Total fructose exposure			0.45 *		0.086 *
Low	23/285 (8.1%)	1.00 (ref.)	-	1.00 (ref.)	-
Middle	23/310 (7.4%)	0.89 (0.47 to 1.66)	0.71	1.10 (0.57 to 2.10)	0.78
High	40/306 (13.1%)	1.24 (0.67 to 2.31)	0.50	1.83 (0.91 to 3.65)	0.089
For Boys		Model 1		Model 2
	Elevated DBP (n = 86)	OR (95%CI)	p	OR (95%CI)	p
Pure fructose			0.88 *		0.38 *
Low	25/258 (9.7%)	1.00 (ref.)	-	1.00 (ref.)	-
Middle	29/270 (10.7%)	1.02 (0.57 to 1.83)	0.95	0.87 (0.45 to 1.68)	0.69
High	32/276 (11.6%)	0.96 (0.52 to 1.77)	0.89	0.72 (0.34 to 1.51)	0.39
Total fructose exposure			0.45 *		0.97 *
Low	22/256 (8.6%)	1.00 (ref.)	-	1.00 (ref.)	-
Middle	29/273 (10.6%)	1.11 (0.61 to 2.03)	0.73	0.98 (0.49 to 1.94)	0.95
High	35/275 (12.7%)	1.26 (0.68 to 2.34)	0.46	1.01 (0.47 to 2.16)	0.98

High DBP is defined as a value upper than the 90th percentile (>75 mmHg). Model 1: adjusted for centre. Model 2: adjusted for centre, age, Z-score BMI, MVPA duration, tobacco consumption, salt intake and energy intake and calculated after multiple imputations (m = 10) to handle missing data. * p calculated using fructose levels as ordinal variable. Abbreviations: DBP = diastolic blood pressure; OR = odds-ratio; CI = confidence interval.