Table 1.
Clinical characterization of asymptomatic, mild, and severe COVID-19 patients. Patients were grouped based on clinical disease severity including severe requiring oxygen support and ICU admission, mild cases were recognized as those with clinical symptoms and positive radiographic findings suggestive of pulmonary involvement. * ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, ANC: Absolute neutrophil count, APTT: Partial thromboplastin time, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, CK: Creatine kinase, CRP: C-reactive protein, Hct: Hematocrit, Hgb: Hemoglobin, IL-6: Interleukin-6, INR: International normalized ratio, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, MCH: Mean cell hemoglobin, MCHC: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCV: Mean corpuscular volume, MPV: Mean platelet volume, PDW: Platelet distribution width, PT: Prothrombin time, RBC: Red blood cell count, RDW-CV: Red blood cell distribution width, WBC: White blood cell count. Values are represented as: n (%), median (25–75%). For age: Mean ± SD is reported. The statistical tests used to calculate p-value are Fisher’s exact test or Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test.
| Characteristic * | N | Asymptomatic | Mild | Severe | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years] | 29 | 54.50 ± 4.58 | 49.60 ± 9.18 | 58.22 ± 12.88 | 0.078 |
| COVID-19 average CT | 21 | 22.9 (21.5–29.2) | 26.7 (23.4–29.4) | 33.8 (26.8–34.1) | 0.3 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 29 | 6 (20.68%) | 6 (20.68%) | 6 (20.68%) | >0.9 |
| Glucose [mmol/L] | 20 | 7.00 (6.25–14.40) | 6.80 (6.27–8.12) | 6.60 (6.40–10.60) | 0.9 |
| WBC [×103/μL] | 27 | 6.3 (6.2–7.8) | 5.5 (5.1–6.4) | 11.9 (8.0–15.4) | 0.014 |
| Lymphocyte count [×103/μL] | 27 | 2.10 (1.20–2.50) | 1.30 (1.20–1.61) | 1.10 (0.90–1.40) | 0.2 |
| Lymphocyte [%] | 27 | 29 (24–33) | 24 (21–31) | 9 (5–14) | 0.004 |
| ANC [×103/μL] | 27 | 3.6 (2.9–6.1) | 3.6 (2.7–4.7) | 7.7 (6.7–13.1) | 0.005 |
| Neutrophil [%] | 21 | 56 (51–62) | 66 (58–69) | 83 (80–86) | 0.012 |
| Eosinophil count [×103/μL] | 27 | 0.10 (0.00–0.27) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.10) | 0.2 |
| Eosinophil [%] | 27 | 2.50 (0.90–3.40) | 0.10 (0.00–0.80) | 0.10 (0.00–0.80) | 0.029 |
| Monocyte count [×103/μL] | 27 | 0.60 (0.60–0.70) | 0.47 (0.40–0.50) | 0.90 (0.80–1.00) | 0.11 |
| Monocyte [%] | 27 | 8.70 (6.80–10.90) | 9.00 (5.10–9.40) | 5.60 (4.80–6.60) | 0.14 |
| Basophil count [×103/μL] | 27 | 0.030 (0.030–0.040) | 0.020 (0.020–0.050) | 0.030 (0.010–0.040) | 0.6 |
| Basophil [%] | 27 | 0.50 (0.40–0.80) | 0.40 (0.20–0.50) | 0.20 (0.10–0.40) | 0.026 |
| RBC [×106/μL] | 27 | 5.10 (4.90–5.30) | 5.00 (4.70–5.70) | 3.80 (3.50–4.20) | 0.011 |
| Hgb [g/dL] | 27 | 13.60 (13.50–15.20) | 14.20 (13.60–16.00) | 11.20 (9.90–12.60) | 0.036 |
| HbA1C [%] | 18 | 8.70 (6.05–11.80) | 7.00 (6.40–7.50) | 6.00 (5.90–6.40) | 0.4 |
| Hct [%] | 27 | 42 (40–43) | 42 (40–47) | 33 (30–38) | 0.03 |
| MCV [fL] | 27 | 81.9 (81.0–87.0) | 85.4 (82.2–91.2) | 90.6 (86.4–91.2) | 0.031 |
| MCH [pg] | 27 | 27.30 (26.50–29.50) | 28.10 (27.90–30.50) | 30.00 (29.40–30.30) | 0.11 |
| MCHC [g/dL] | 27 | 33.30 (32.40–34.00) | 33.60 (32.90–34.10) | 33.50 (32.50–34.10) | 0.8 |
| RDW-CV [%] | 27 | 13.00 (11.90–14.30) | 14.20 (12.70–14.90) | 13.90 (12.50–16.20) | 0.3 |
| MPV [fl] | 27 | 10.20 (9.60–11.30) | 10.80 (9.90–12.00) | 10.40 (9.80–11.50) | 0.8 |
| Platelet [×109/L] | 27 | 226 (200–251) | 187 (161–324) | 342 (223–363) | 0.2 |
| Ferritin [μg/L] | 18 | 574 (574–574) | 449 (210–804) | 1131 (700–1856) | 0.079 |
| PDW [fl] | 19 | 15.10 (15.10–15.10) | 13.90 (12.00–15.80) | 11.70 (11.00–14.20) | 0.5 |
| Fibrinogen [g/L] | 11 | 6.80 (6.80–6.80) | 4.60 (4.60–4.60) | 5.10 (3.30–5.60) | 0.5 |
| D-Dimer [mg/L FEU] | 16 | 1.55 (1.55–1.55) | 0.40 (0.32–0.60) | 2.65 (2.15–5.16) | 0.036 |
| APTT [second] | 15 | 26 (26–26) | 32 (29–35) | 31 (31–36) | 0.4 |
| PT [second] | 15 | 12.60 (12.60–12.60) | 11.30 (11.10–11.50) | 13.10 (12.60–13.50) | 0.047 |
| INR | 15 | 1.10 (1.10–1.10) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.10 (1.10–1.10) | 0.057 |
| CRP [mg/L] | 27 | 3 (2–6) | 21 (5–56) | 26 (5–78) | 0.063 |
| IL-6 [pg/mL] | 9 | - | 32 (20–34) | 306 (137–476) | 0.2 |
| Total protein [g/L] | 24 | 76 (66–77) | 73 (69–75) | 71 (68–72) | 0.8 |
| Albumin [g/L] | 26 | 40 (36–42) | 37 (35–39) | 26 (24–29) | 0.001 |
| Chloride [mmol/L] | 25 | 100.0 (97.5–101.5) | 100.7 (98.0–103.0) | 104.0 (102.0–107.0) | 0.079 |
| Magnesium [mmol/L] | 14 | 0.85 (0.85–0.85) | 0.79 (0.76–1.00) | 0.94 (0.89–1.09) | 0.4 |
| Potassium [mmol/L] | 26 | 4.80 (4.55–5.05) | 4.10 (3.80–4.40) | 4.20 (3.60–4.60) | 0.11 |
| Sodium [mmol/L] | 27 | 136 (134–138) | 138 (136–140) | 139 (137–148) | 0.2 |
| Bicarbonate [mmol/L] | 23 | 25.0 (24.0–26.0) | 26.0 (21.5–27.0) | 23.0 (22.0–28.0) | >0.9 |
| Calcium [mmol/L] | 26 | 2.32 (2.25–2.37) | 2.38 (2.34–2.44) | 2.19 (2.14–2.30) | 0.093 |
| Adjusted calcium [mmol/L] | 26 | 2.29 (2.24–2.39) | 2.46 (2.35–2.46) | 2.46 (2.45–2.52) | 0.039 |
| Vitamin D [ng/mL] | 14 | 23 (20–24) | 23 (14–32) | 32 (23–39) | 0.6 |
| Procalcitonin [ng/mL] | 13 | 0.25 (0.25–0.25) | 0.38 (0.22–0.38) | 0.26 (0.10–0.72) | >0.9 |
| Bilirubin [mg/dL] | 25 | 5 (5–16) | 9 (5–12) | 10 (7–30) | 0.4 |
| Urea [mmol/L] | 27 | 4 (4–6) | 4 (4–5) | 16 (10–20) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid [µmol/L] | 19 | 295 (282–311) | 229 (210–270) | 355 (337–374) | 0.2 |
| Creatinine [µmol/L] | 27 | 85 (73–99) | 78 (69–100) | 115 (83–168) | 0.3 |
| ALT [U/L] | 23 | 18 (17–25) | 34 (20–55) | 59 (20–134) | 0.2 |
| AST [U/L] | 20 | 23 (18–33) | 27 (24–34) | 34 (28–110) | 0.2 |
| CK [U/L] | 14 | 129 (129–129) | 97 (62–173) | 103 (62–239) | 0.8 |
| ALP [U/L] | 25 | 79 (66–115) | 66 (61–93) | 78 (45–143) | 0.9 |
| LDH [U/L] | 14 | 183 (183–183) | 337 (226–343) | 332 (294–375) | 0.3 |