Table 1.

Liposomal formulations that have been created for polyphenol-related biological research.

Polyphenol	Production Method	% (w/w) Polyphenol/ Lipids	Encapsulation Efficiency	Biological Effects	Ref.
Curcumin	Lyophilization (Freeze-drying)   Evaporation method with some modification   Thin-film hydration   Ethanol injection	10–25       15         N/S       N/S	45% ± 0.2%       73.7% ± 1.6%         87.8% ± 4.3%       46.6% ± 1.0%	In vivo: antiangiogenic activity and tumor growth inhibition   Enhanced stability         Slower release and better accumulation     More stable during storage	[46,47]     [48]         [49]       [50]
Resveratrol	Lyophilization (Freeze-drying)   Thin-film hydration   Film hydration	20     10       N/S	N/S     >90%       78.14% ± 8.04%	Prostate cancer incidence was minimized, and bioavailability was enhanced   The toxicity of free resveratrol was considerably lowered   Enhanced delivery	[51]     [52]     [53]
Quercetin	Film hydration and lyophilization procedure   Film hydration and sonication   Emulsification/evaporation	30       N/S   10	N/S         87.1% ± 2.7%     69.42–85.72%	Enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and antitumor activity in vivo     Maintained higher plasma quercetin concentrations   Inhibited growth of glioma cancer cells	[24]         [54]     [55]
Silymarin	Film hydration   Reverse evaporation technique   Supercritical fluid technology	20   10       N/S	92.56% ± 0.93%   69.22% ± 0.6%     91.4%	Better oral bioavailability   Higher bioavailability       Enhanced oral bioavailability	[56]   [57]       [58]
Dehydro- silymarin	Film hydration and freeze-drying	25	81.59% ± 0.24%	Better oral bioavailability	[59]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)	Film hydration and sonication/extrusion   Film hydration   Reverse-phase evaporation method	20       10   N/S	84.6% ± 3.8%       80% ± 3%     85.79% ± 1.65%	Protection against deterioration Even at lower doses, there was an increase in carcinoma cell death Enhanced targeted delivery and controlled release   Modulated the proliferation of tumor cells	[60]       [61]   [62]
Fisetin	Film hydration and extrusion   Probe sonication	18   7–15	58%   N/S	Enhanced bioavailability and antitumor activity   Better antiangiogenic and anticancer activities	[23]   [63]
Honokiol	Film hydration and sonication     Film hydration	20     N/S	95.43% ± 2.76%       90.1% ± 2.3%	Strong anticancer effect on breast cancer Enhanced cytotoxicity and cellular uptake Enhanced bioavailability and promoted accumulation in tumor	[64]     [65]
Anthocyanins	Film hydration   Hydration and ultrasound combined   Improved supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2)	N/S   4.5–9         20	43%         50.6%	Enhanced antioxidant activity Enhanced chemical stability and bioavailability       Enhanced stability and bioavailability	[66] [67]           [68]