Table 1.
Polyphenol | Production Method |
% (w/w) Polyphenol/ Lipids |
Encapsulation Efficiency | Biological Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Curcumin | Lyophilization (Freeze-drying) Evaporation method with some modification Thin-film hydration Ethanol injection |
10–25 15 N/S N/S |
45% ± 0.2% 73.7% ± 1.6% 87.8% ± 4.3% 46.6% ± 1.0% |
In vivo: antiangiogenic activity and tumor growth inhibition Enhanced stability Slower release and better accumulation More stable during storage |
[46,47] [48] [49] [50] |
Resveratrol | Lyophilization (Freeze-drying) Thin-film hydration Film hydration |
20 10 N/S |
N/S >90% 78.14% ± 8.04% |
Prostate cancer incidence was minimized, and bioavailability was enhanced The toxicity of free resveratrol was considerably lowered Enhanced delivery |
[51] [52] [53] |
Quercetin | Film hydration and lyophilization procedure Film hydration and sonication Emulsification/evaporation |
30 N/S 10 |
N/S 87.1% ± 2.7% 69.42–85.72% |
Enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and antitumor activity in vivo Maintained higher plasma quercetin concentrations Inhibited growth of glioma cancer cells |
[24] [54] [55] |
Silymarin | Film hydration Reverse evaporation technique Supercritical fluid technology |
20 10 N/S |
92.56% ± 0.93% 69.22% ± 0.6% 91.4% |
Better oral bioavailability Higher bioavailability Enhanced oral bioavailability |
[56] [57] [58] |
Dehydro-
silymarin |
Film hydration and freeze-drying | 25 | 81.59% ± 0.24% | Better oral bioavailability | [59] |
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) | Film hydration and sonication/extrusion Film hydration Reverse-phase evaporation method |
20 10 N/S |
84.6% ± 3.8% 80% ± 3% 85.79% ± 1.65% |
Protection against deterioration Even at lower doses, there was an increase in carcinoma cell death Enhanced targeted delivery and controlled release Modulated the proliferation of tumor cells |
[60] [61] [62] |
Fisetin | Film hydration and extrusion Probe sonication |
18 7–15 |
58% N/S |
Enhanced bioavailability and antitumor activity Better antiangiogenic and anticancer activities |
[23] [63] |
Honokiol | Film hydration and sonication Film hydration |
20 N/S |
95.43% ± 2.76% 90.1% ± 2.3% |
Strong anticancer effect on breast cancer Enhanced cytotoxicity and cellular uptake Enhanced bioavailability and promoted accumulation in tumor |
[64] [65] |
Anthocyanins | Film hydration Hydration and ultrasound combined Improved supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) |
N/S 4.5–9 20 |
43% 50.6% |
Enhanced antioxidant activity Enhanced chemical stability and bioavailability Enhanced stability and bioavailability |
[66] [67] [68] |