Figure 1.

A visual example of different stages of HR, where figure (a) shows the normal (no sign of abnormality), (b) mild, (c) moderate, (d) severe and (e) malignant hypertensive retinopathy fundus, including figure (f), which shows the HR-related lesions. The grades of HR with (a) Grade 0: normal HR, (b) Grade 1: MID-HR with arteriolar narrowing (white arrow), copper wiring (black star) and AV nicking (black arrow). (c) Grade 2: MOD-HR with features of MID-HR+ cotton wool spots hemorrhages. (d) Grade 3: SEV-HR with features of MOD-HR and optic disc swelling, and (e) Grade 4: MLG-HR with features SEV-HR+ Papilledema and (f) normal retinograph.