Table 5.
Application of DES/NADES to improve bioavailability of plant metabolites.
| Bioactive Compounds | Selected DES/NADES | Route | Results | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rutin | Proline-glutamic acid | Oral | Improved pharmacokinetics due to increased blood concentration | [62] |
| Berberine | Proline-malic acid-lactic acid-water (1:0.2:0.3:0.5) | Oral | Improved pharmacokinetics due to increased blood concentration | [61] |
| Curcumin | Choline chloride-glycerol (1:1) | - | Solubility in gastric and intestinal media was increased | [29] |
| Caffeine | Choline-glutamine and choline-phenylalanine | Topical | Appropriate for in vitro skin application when formulated as oil-in-water emulsions and gels; increased drug loading while preserving formulation stability | [63] |
| Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside | Glucose-fructose-sucrose (32:32:5 by weight) and water | Oral | Increased blood concentration | [58] |
| Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and anhydrosafflor yellow B (ASYB) | l-proline-acetamide | Oral | Improved pharmacokinetics due to increased blood concentration | [64] |