Table 5.
The relationship between CIMT or carotid plaque progression over time and MACCE.
| Study | CIMT Measure | Interpretation Progression Rate, mm/Year |
Participants Number, Type | Follow-Up (Years) | Outcome | HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary cardiovascular risk prevention | ||||||
| CIMT studies Hodis, et al. [40] |
Mean-CCA | < 0.011, 0.011 to 0.017, 0.018 to 0.033, > 0.033 |
188, PC | 8.8 | Coronary events | Ref. 1.0 1.6 (0.9–6.3) 2.3 (1.4–3.8) 2.8 (1.8–4.2) |
| IMPROVE study [118] | CIMT-CCA, BC, ICA | Fastest CIMT change > 0.026 mm/year | 3482, CRF ≥ 3 | 1.3 | MI, SCD, CV death, stroke, TIA | 1.98 (1.47–2.67) |
| Okayama, et al. [41] | CIMT-CCA at baseline and at least 2 more times | Median CIMT change > 0.011 mm/year | 342, diabetes | 7.6 | CV death, MI, IS | 2.24 (1.25–4.03) |
| Willeit et al. [132] Meta-analysis of 119 clinical trials with medical agents |
CIMT-CCA, mean or max | CIMT regression of: 0.01 mm/year 0.02 mm/year 0.03 mm/year 0.04 mm/year |
100667, CRF | n/a | MI, stroke, CV death, revascularization | 0.84 (0.75–0.93) 0.76 (0.67–0.85) 0.69 (0.59–0.79) 0.63 (0.52–0.74) |
| Carotid plaque studies Wannarong, T., et al. [128] |
CIMT, TPA, TPV at baseline and after 1 year | By tertiles of change | 349, PC | 3.17 | Death, stroke, TIA, MI | CIMT: P = 0.455 TPA: P = 0.143 TPV: P < 0.001 |
| Secondary cardiovascular risk prevention | ||||||
| Carotid plaque studies | ||||||
| Wrotniak et al. [24] | Mean-max CIMT-CCA, CB, ICA plus plaque thickness, 2nd exam at M36-42 | > 0.060 mm/year | 108, SSSS | 4.8 | CV death, MI, IS, revascularization | 1.22 (1.02–1.46) |
| Gacoń, J et al. [130] | Mean-max CIMT-CCA, CB, ICA plus plaque thickness, exams at yearly intervals | CIMT progression rate > 0.003 mm/year |
215, ACS | 4.4 | MI, IS, CV death, new onset angina revascularization | 3.0 (1.5–6.02) |
| Hirano et al. [133] | Max carotid plaqu eat baseline, 2nd exam after 6M |
Per 0.1 mm increase over 6 months | 240, CHD | 3 | Cardiac death, MI, UA with revascularization | 1.21 (1.10–1.33) |
| Gacoń, J. et al. [134] | Mean-max CIMT CCA, CB, ICA plus plaque thickness, 2nd exam between M12-24, 3rd exam between M24-36 | Mean CIMT/plaque ≥ 0.056 mm/year Any CIMT/plaque regression |
466, ASCVD 466, ASCVD |
3.5 3.5 |
MI, IS, CV death MI, IS, CV death |
1.22 (1.03–1.44) 0.25 (0.14–0.32) |
ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, defined as lesions in at least one major arterial territory including coronary, carotid, renal, or lower extremity arteries exceeding 50% lumen reduction; CRF, cardiovascular risk factors; IS, ischemic stroke; M, month; MI, myocardial infarction; TPA, total plaque area; TPV, total plaque volume; UA, unstable angina.