Table 4.
Selection of Findings From Cerebral Organoid-Derived Models for Psychiatric Disorders
| Disorder | Model | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neurodegenerative disorders | |||
| Trisomy 21 | Cerebral organoids derived from keratinocytes in combination with CRISPR/Cas9 | Implication of BACE2 in Trisomy 21 pathology | (Alić et al., 2020) |
| Cerebral organoids with PITRM1-knockdown | Association of mutations in metalloproteinase and neurodegenerative proteinopathies | (Pérez et al., 2020) | |
| Midbrain organoids containing dopaminergic neurons | Observation of disease-relevant phenotypes for Parkinson’s disease | (Reiner et al., 2021) (review) | |
| Substance use disorders | |||
| Cerebral organoids generated from fibroblasts | Neurotoxic effects of ethanol on metabolic, tissue and cellular levels as model for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders | (Arzua et al., 2020) | |
| Schizophrenia | |||
| Cerebral organoids | Abnormal distribution of proliferating NPC through different zones potentially associated with FGFR1 signaling | (Stachowiak et al., 2017) | |
| Cerebral organoids generated from fibroblasts | Dysregulation of genes involved in neurodevelopment and synapse biology | (Kathuria et al., 2020b) | |
| Affective disorders | |||
| Bipolar disorder | Cerebral organoids generated from fibroblasts | Implication of NCAN in bipolar disorder; dysregulated gene expression associated with cell adhesion and immune signaling | (Kathuria et al., 2020a) |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | |||
| ASD | Cerebral organoids generated from fibroblasts | Association of transcription factor FOXG1 with overproduction of GABA-ergic in ASD-derived organoids | (Mariani et al., 2015) |
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BACE2, Beta-Secretase 2; FGFR1, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1; FOXG1, Forkhead box protein G1; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; NCAN, Neurocan; PITRM1, pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1.