Expression of total and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) in skeletal muscle of offspring. (A) Representative Western blots of total and phosphorylated AMPK, rpS6 and 4E-BP1 in skeletal muscle of PND21 and 18W male offspring. Histograms summarized phosphorylated-to-total ratio of AMPK (B), rpS6 (C) and 4E-BP1 (D) in male offspring. (E) Representative Western blots of total and phosphorylated AMPK, rpS6 and 4E-BP1 in skeletal muscle of PND21 and 18W female offspring. Histograms summarized phosphorylated-to-total ratio of AMPK (F), rpS6 (G) and 4E-BP1 (H) in female offspring. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M (n = 5–8 per group). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, # main effect of maternal metformin, p < 0.05 versus control, § main effect of maternal HF diet, p < 0.05 versus maternal CHOW diet, * interaction effect of maternal HF diet and metformin, p < 0.05.