Table 4.

Application of nHA for delivery of antibiotics.

Author (Year)	Interventions	Dosage	Delivery Approach	Significant Findings
Jiang et al. (2012) [29]	(1)Blank group (2)nHA only (control group) (3)Vancomycin-loaded nHA (treatment group) * bones were debrided prior to implantation	(1)160 mg of vancomycin/g nHA	Implantable pellets	Treatment group showed significant large areas of newly formed bone with no recurrent infection, while control group showed pus and new abscesses after 12 weeks
Krishnan et al. (2020) [24]	(1)Stimulan + vancomycin (2)Bare scaffold (3)SE-V5 (4)SE-V15 (5)SA-V5 (6)SA-V15 * bones were debrided prior to implantation	(1)Stimulan + Vancomycin: Stimulan (calcium sulfate) + 15 wt% vancomycin (2)SE-V: scaffold containing nHA + 5 wt% or 15 wt% vancomycin (3)SA-V: scaffold containing nHA + 5 wt% or 15 wt% vancomycin	Implantable scaffold	Scaffolds containing vancomycin (SE-V and SA-V) demonstrated good bactericidal and osteogenic properties compared to Stimulan + vancomycin, which only showed excellent bactericidal property without any new bone bridging

Abbreviations: nHA—nano-hydroxyapatite; SE-V—scaffold + entrapped vancomycin; SA-V—scaffold + absorbed vancomycin.