Table 4.
Fatty acids in the liver at the end of the study.
| FA | Coconut | Soybean | EPA/DHA 1:1 | 80% DHA | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14:0 | 0.34 ± 0.12 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | 0.23 ± 0.07 | NS |
| 15:0 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | NS |
| 16:0 | 22.29 ± 1.10 | 21.58 ± 0.78 | 22.66 ± 0.58 | 23.07 ± 1.18 b | 0.009 |
| 16:1 ω-7 | 1.19 ± 0.34 | 0.92 ± 0.16 | 0.87 ± 0.16 | 0.86 ± 0.29 a | 0.042 |
| 17:0 | 0.39 ± 0.05 | 0.40 ± 0.06 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.37 ± 0.04 | NS |
| 18:0 | 13.08 ± 1.28 | 14.26 ± 1.19 | 13.79 ± 0.81 | 13.72 ± 1.54 | NS |
| 18:1 ω-9 | 5.74 ± 2.26 | 5.61 ± 0.56 | 5.07 ± 0.48 | 4.81 ± 1.31 | NS |
| 18:1 ω-7 | 3.82 ± 0.45 | 3.52 ± 0.25 | 3.19 ± 0.23 a | 2.91 ± 0.38 a,b | <0.001 |
| 18:2 ω-6 | 20.59 ± 1.17 | 20.16 ± 1.29 | 20.94 ± 1.02 | 22.37 ± 1.15 b | 0.014 |
| 18:3 ω-6 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.03 a,b | 0.12 ± 0.02 a,b | <0.001 |
| 20:0 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a,b | <0.001 |
| 18:3 ω-3 | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.33 ± 0.11 | NS |
| 20:1 ω-9 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | NS |
| 20:1 ω-7 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.26 ± 0.07 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | NS |
| 20:2 ω-6 | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 0.36 ± 0.07 | 0.29 ± 0.04 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.021 |
| 20:3 ω-6 | 0.42 ± 0.09 | 0.41 ± 0.12 | 0.54 ± 0.08 b | 0.66 ± 0.09 a,b | <0.001 |
| 20:4 ω-6 | 22.01 ± 1.60 | 22.71 ± 0.94 | 19.26 ± 1.32 a,b | 16.15 ± 2.31 a,b | <0.001 |
| 22:1 ω-9 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.12 ± 0.02 c | 0.025 |
| 23:0 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | NS |
| 20:5 ω-3 | 0.23 ± 0.08 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.91 ± 0.2 a,b | 1.09 ± 0.23 a,b | <0.001 |
| 24:0 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.06 | 0.46 ± 0.03 | 0.45 ± 0.06 | NS |
| 22:4 ω-6 | 0.61 ± 0.06 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 0.30 ± 0.02a,b | 0.21 ± 0.04 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| 24:1 ω-9 | 0.19 ± 0.17 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | NS |
| 22:5 ω-6 | 0.48 ± 0.15 | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 0.17 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.21 ± 0.06 a,b | 0.020 |
| 22:5 ω-3 | 1.23 ± 0.14 | 1.25 ± 0.14 | 1.53 ± 0.19 a,b | 1.02 ± 0.13 b,c | <0.001 |
| 22:6 ω-3 | 5.14 ± 0.70 | 5.35 ± 0.29 | 8.10 ± 0.51 a,b | 10.19 ± 1.35 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| SAT | 36.93 ± 1.25 | 37.33 ± 1.06 | 37.84 ± 0.63 | 38.17 ± 1.04 a | 0.032 |
| MUFA | 11.40 ± 2.60 | 10.65 ± 0.83 | 9.65 ± 0.75 | 9.18 ± 1.46 a,b | 0.012 |
| PUFA | 51.67 ± 1.40 | 52.02 ± 1.08 | 52.51 ± 0.58 | 52.64 ± 0.80 | NS |
| ω-3 | 6.97 ± 0.69 | 7.16 ± 0.32 | 10.86 ± 0.72 a,b | 12.63 ± 1.57 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| ω-6 | 44.69 ± 0.88 | 44.87 ± 1.11 | 41.65 ± 0.87 a,b | 40.01 ± 1.78 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| ω-6/ω-3 ratio | 6.42 ± 0.53 | 6.06 ± 0.29 | 3.79 ± 0.29 a,b | 3.07 ± 0.46 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| SCD-16 = [16:1 ω-7/16:0] | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.012 |
| SCD-18 = [18:1 ω-9/18:0] | 0.50 ± 0.18 | 0.40 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.06 | 0.39 ± 0.13 | NS |
| Δ5D = [20:4 ω-6/20:3 ω-6] | 57.39 ± 13.78 | 59.20 ± 13.66 | 35.12 ± 6.98 a,b | 25.50 ± 5.64 a,b | 0.035 |
| Δ6D = [20:3 ω-6/18:2 ω-6] | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | NS |
| Δ5/6D = [20:5 ω-3/18:3 ω-3] | 0.54 ± 0.17 | 0.63 ± 0.12 | 2.98 ± 0.81 a,b | 3.63 ± 0.83 a,b | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (mg/100 mg of total FA), n = 10 rats/group. Abbreviations: FA, fatty acid; NS, not significant; ND, non-detected; SAT, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. p-value was calculated by the one-way analysis of variance followed by the Scheffé post hoc test. The level of statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05. a vs. coconut, b vs. soybean, c vs. EPA/DHA 1:1.