Table 1.
Effect of intermittent fasting on sleep parameters in adults with overweight and obesity.
| Reference | Subjects | Diet Length | Design and Intervention Groups | Weight Loss (% Change) | Dietary Intake (Change) | Sleep Quality (Change) | Sleep Duration (Change) | Sleep Latency (Change) | Sleep Efficiency (Change) | Insomnia Severity (Change) | Sleep Apnea Risk (Change) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time restricted eating | |||||||||||
| Hutchison et al., 2019 [21] |
n = 15, M Overweight Obese Prediabetic |
1 week |
RT: Crossover 1. 9-h TRE (8 a.m.–5 p.m.) 2. 9-h TRE (12–9 p.m.) |
1. ↓ 1% * 2. ↓ 1% * |
- | - | 1. ∅ (Accelerometer) 2. ∅ (Accelerometer) |
- | - | - | - |
| Parr et al., 2020 [22] |
n = 19, MF Overweight Obese Type 2 Diabetes |
4 weeks |
Single-arm 1. 9-h TRE (10 a.m.–7 p.m.) |
1. ∅ | 1. ∅ kcal %P: ∅, %F: ∅, %C: ∅ |
1. ∅ (PSQI) | 1. ∅ (PSQI) | 1. ∅ (PSQI) | 1. ∅ (PSQI) | - | - |
| Cienfuegos et al., 2021 [23] |
n = 58, MF Obese No Diabetes |
8 weeks |
RCT: Parallel-arm 1. 4-h TRE (3–7 p.m.) 2. 6-h TRE (1–7 p.m.) 3. Control (no meal timing restrictions) |
1. ↓ 3% *,† 2. ↓ 3% *,† 3. ∅ |
1. ↓ 530 kcal *,† %P: ∅, %F: ∅, %C: ∅ 2. ↓ 570 kcal *,† %P: ∅, %F: ∅, %C: ∅ 3. ∅ kcal %P: ∅, %F: ∅, %C: ∅ |
1. ∅ (PSQI) 2. ∅ (PSQI) 3. ∅ (PSQI) |
1. ∅ (PSQI) 2. ∅ (PSQI) 3. ∅ (PSQI) |
1. ∅ (PSQI) 2. ∅ (PSQI) 3. ∅ (PSQI) |
- | 1. ∅ (ISI) 2. ∅ (ISI) 3. ∅ (ISI) |
1. ∅ (Berlin) 2. ∅ (Berlin) 3. ∅ (Berlin) |
| Gabel et al., 2019 [24] |
n = 23, MF Obese No Diabetes |
12 weeks |
Single-arm 1. 8-h TRE (10 a.m.–6 p.m.) |
1. ↓ 3% † | 1. ↓ 341 kcal * %P: ∅, %F: ∅, %C: ∅ |
1. ∅ (PSQI) | 1. ∅ (PSQI) | - | - | 1. ∅ (ISI) | - |
| Kesztyus et al., 2020 [25] |
n = 99, MF Overweight Obese No Diabetes |
12 weeks |
Single-arm 1. 8–9-h TRE (self-selected) |
1. ↓ 2% * | - | 1. ↑ 10 pts * (VAS survey) | 1. ∅ (Self-report diary) | - | - | - | - |
| Lowe et al., 2020 [26] |
n = 116, MF Overweight Obese No diabetes |
12 weeks |
RCT: Parallel-arm 1. 8-h TRE (12–8 p.m.) 2. Control (3 meals + snacks each day) |
1. ↓ 2% * 2. ∅ |
- | 1. ∅ (PSQI) 2. ∅ (PSQI) |
1. ∅ (Oura ring) 2. ∅ (Oura ring) |
1. ↓ 2.9 pts *,† (Oura ring) 2. ∅ (Oura ring) |
1. ↓ 5.2 pts *,† (Oura ring) 2. ∅ (Oura ring) |
- | |
| Wilkinson et al., 2020 [27] |
n = 19, MF Overweight Obese Prediabetes |
12 weeks |
Single-arm 1. 10-h TRE (self-selected) |
1. ↓ 3% * | 1. ↓ 198 kcal * %P: -, %F: -, %C: - |
1. ∅ (PSQI) ↑ 23% * (mCC phone app) |
1. ∅ (Actigraphy) | - | 1. ∅ (Actigraphy) | - | - |
| Gill & Panda, 2015 [28] |
n = 8, MF Overweight Obesity No Diabetes |
16 weeks |
Single-arm 1. 10-h TRE (self-selected) |
1. ↓ 4% * | - | - | 1. ↑ 1.5 pts * (Self-assessment survey) | - | - | - | - |
| Alternate day fasting | |||||||||||
| Kalam et al., 2021 [29] |
n = 31, MF Obese No diabetes |
24 weeks |
Single-arm 1. ADF Fast day (600 kcal), Feast day (ad libitum) + low-carb/high protein diet |
1. ↓ 6% * | 1. ↓ 680 kcal * %P: ↑ 15% *, %F: ∅, %C: ↓ 14% * |
1. ∅ (PSQI) | 1. ∅ (PSQI) | - | - | 1. ∅ (ISI) | 1. ∅ (Berlin) |
-: Not measured. ∅: Non-significant change. * p < 0.05, Significantly different from baseline (within group effect). † p < 0.05, Significantly different from the control or comparison group (between group effect). Abbreviations: ADF: Alternate day fasting, %C: Percent energy from carbohydrates, %F: Percent energy from fat, F: Female, ISI: Insomnia Severity Index, M: Male, %P: Percent energy from protein, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, RT: Randomized trial, RCT: Randomized controlled trial, TRE: Time restricted eating (prescribed eating window shown in parentheses), ↑: increase, ↓: decrease.