Table 1.
Important studies regarding invasive fungal disease in allogenic HSCT recipients.
| Reference and Year of Publication & | Study Type and Period | n | Prophylaxis | IFD Incidence | IFD Epidemiology | Time from HSCT to IFD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Martino et al. [11] 2002 |
Retrospective study 1996–2000 |
395 allo-HSCT | 73% fluconazole, 17% itraconazole, 4% amphotericin B, 6% no prophylaxis | 14% | 64% aspergillosis, 20% candidiasis, 6% mucormycosis, 6% other | Median day post HSCT: +90 days (range +4 to +522) Post-HSCT periods: 19% <21 days, 32% 21–90 days, 49% >90 days |
| Pagano et al. [12] 2007 |
Retrospective study 1999–2003 |
1249 allo-HSCT | 39% fluconazole, 21% itraconazole | 8% | 81% aspergillosis, 14% candidiasis (50% non-albicans), 3% fusariosis, 2% other molds | 50% yeast infections and 36% mold disease occurring >100 days post HSCT |
| Garcia-Vidal et al. [21] 2008 |
Retrospective study 1998–2002 |
1248 allo-HSCT | Not reported | 13% invasive mold disease | 87% aspergillosis, 4% fusariosis, 3% mucormycosis | Post-HSCT periods: 22% <40 days, 40% 40–100 days, 38% >100 days |
| Neofytos et al. [20] 2009 |
Prospective study 2004–2007 |
161 IFD in allo-HSCT | Not reported | Not applicable | 57% aspergillosis, 25% candidiasis, 7% mucormycosis, 8% other molds | Median days post HSCT (range): 83 days (3–6542) for aspergillosis, 108 days (0–2219) for candidiasis, 162 days (7–932) for mucormycosis and other mold diseases |
| Kontoyiannis et al. [19] 2010 |
Prospective study 2001–2005 |
6666 allo-HSCT | Not reported | ≈8% | 43% aspergillosis, 28% candidiasis, 8% mucormycosis, 10% other molds | Median days post HSCT: candidiasis, 61 days; aspergillosis, 99 days; fusariosis, 123 days; mucormycosis, 135 days |
| Nucci et al. [22] 2013 |
Prospective study 2007–2009 |
378 allo-HSCT | 81% fluconazole, 1% itraconazole, 4% voriconazole, 4% amphotericin B | 11% | 35% fusariosis, 30% aspergillosis, 17% invasive candidiasis, and 12% hyalohyphomicosis | Median (IQR) days post HSCT: 53 (19–232) days |
| Girmenia et al. [23] 2014 |
Prospective study 2008–2010 |
1858 allo-HSCT | 75% fluconazole, 14% mold-active prophylaxis (NS), 5% secondary prophylaxis (NS), 6% no prophylaxis | 9% | 81% aspergillosis, 11% candidiasis, 4% mucormycosis, 2% fusariosis, 1% other molds, 1% rare yeasts | Post-HSCT periods: 57% <40 days, 24% 40–100 days, 19% >100 days |
| Sun et al. [24] 2015 |
Prospective study 2011 |
1053 allo-HSCT | 61% fluconazole, 22% itraconazole, 19% voriconazole | 9% | 33% aspergillosis, 13% candidiasis, 54% non-identified | Median (IQR) days post HSCT: 45 (16–93) days |
| Gomez et al. [25] 2018 |
Retrospective study Pediatric patients 1998–2016 |
143 allo-HSCT | Fluconazole or voriconazole (rates not reported) | 13% | 86% candidiasis, 17% aspergillosis | Not reported |
| Linke et al. [26] 2019 |
Retrospective study Pediatric patients 2005–2015 |
221 allo-HSCT | 52% fluconazole, 9% mold-active azole, 32% liposomal amphotericin B, 1% micafungin, 6% no prophylaxis | 7% | 73% aspergillosis, 27% candidiasis | Post-HSCT periods: 33% pre-engraftment, 13% engraftment-180 days, 53% >180 days |
| Souza et al. [27] 2020 |
Prospective study 2015–2016 |
71 allo-HSCT | 68% fluconazole, 17% micafungin, 11% mold-active azole (NS) | 11% | 50% aspergillosis, 38% candidiasis, 12% other molds | Not reported |
& Arranged chronologically. Abbreviations. IFD: invasive fungal disease; HSCT: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; allo-HSCT: allogenic HSCT; IQR: interquartile range; NS: not specified.