Table 4.

Summary table for vaccination decision making in different population groups.

Population Group.	Features	Prognosis after SARS-CoV-2 Infection	Vaccination Decision	References
Adolescents and children	Strong immune preparedness with production of natural antibody (IgM) with broad reactogenicity	Milder symptoms and with better prognosis	Encouraged but based on individual conditions	[24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]
Geriatric population	Reduced immunity and age-related organ functional decline	High risk of COVID-19-associaed mortality	To be evaluated based on individual conditions	[37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57]
Immunocompromised subjects	Patients with transplant recipients, HIV-infection carriers, and advanced chronic liver diseases are vulnerable to infection	The protective effect and duration of the vaccines are lower in solid organ transplant recipients	Transplant recipients are recommended to receive vaccinations; patients who have just received solid organ transplantation should also delay their vaccination schedule due to induction phase high-dose immunosuppression treatment	[58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68]
Autoimmune diseases	Patients require special care prior to vaccinations	With poor prognosis	Based on risk stratifications of patients and adjustment of timing for vaccinations	[69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84]
Cardiovascular diseases	Elevated troponin with negative viral serologies; cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated edema and delayed gadolinium enhancement of the left ventricle in a midmyocardial and epicardial distribution	The association between myocardial infarction (MI) and COVID-19 vaccination is unclear	Encouraged but based on individual conditions; deferred vaccination if the disease symptoms are poorly controlled	[85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97]
Chronic respiratory diseases	SARS-CoV-2 itself causes severe respiratory failure syndrome.	Chronic lung conditions significantly increase the odds of poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19	Patients with respiratory conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and interstitial lung disease, are recommended for vaccination	[98,99,100]
Diabetic and centrally obese populations	Patients with diabetes have a high risk of severe diseases	Increased mortality with COVID-19 infections	Diabetic patients were first recommended to receive Oxford–AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S recombinant) in the early days of the pandemic by the WHO	[101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114]
Cancer	Cancer patients are at high risk of severe COVID-19 infections due to their age, disease, cancer treatment, and medical co-morbidities	Patients receiving chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or combination of anti-cancer treatments lead to fatal outcomes of COVID-19 infection	Benefits outweigh the risks; thorough clinical assessment should be performed before vaccination	[115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127]
Pregnancy	Vaccination during pregnancy is common to prevent maternal and infant morbidity from other infectious diseases, such as influenza and pertussis	COVID-19 pregnant patients are at a risk for preterm birth and pregnancy loss	In view of the uncertainty of the impact of COVID-19 vaccinations in pregnant women, there has been opposing opinions to whether pregnant women should receive vaccination	[128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142]