Table 2.
Univariate and multivariable analysis for vaccine hesitancy *.
| Variables | Crude OR | MV adjusted OR † | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||||
| 18–30 | Ref | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| 31–50 | 0.54 | 0.41−0.71 | <0.001 | 1.26 | 0.83−1.90 | 0.28 | ||||||||
| 51–65 | 0.90 | 0.64−1.27 | 0.55 | 1.37 | 0.82−2.30 | 0.23 | ||||||||
| >65 | 0.43 | 0.29−0.65 | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.46−2.15 | 0.98 | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||
| Female | Ref | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| Male | 0.58 | 0.46−0.73 | <0.001 | 0.72 | 0.52−1.01 | 0.06 | ||||||||
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| White | Ref | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| Black | 2.12 | 1.55−2.89 | <0.001 | 1.15 | 0.75−1.75 | 0.53 | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 1.39 | 1.03−1.89 | 0.03 | 0.94 | 0.61−1.43 | 0.76 | ||||||||
| Other | 1.21 | 0.62−2.35 | 0.58 | 0.98 | 0.39−2.49 | 0.97 | ||||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||||
| Unmarried | Ref | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| Married | 0.33 | 0.26−0.42 | <0.001 | 0.57 | 0.39−0.81 | 0.002 | ||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||
| Not college educated | Ref | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| College educated | 0.33 | 0.26−0.43 | <0.001 | 0.70 | 0.49−1.004 | 0.052 | ||||||||
| Income | ||||||||||||||
| Less than $25,000 | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||||
| $25,000 to $74,999 | 0.66 | 0.49−0.89 | 0.006 | 0.95 | 0.63−1.44 | 0.81 | ||||||||
| $75,000 or more | 0.23 | 0.17−0.32 | <0.001 | 0.52 | 0.32−0.84 | 0.008 | ||||||||
| Work status | ||||||||||||||
| Working full time | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| Working part time | 1.80 | 1.27−1.54 | <0.001 | 1.31 | 0.81−2.12 | 0.28 | ||||||||
| Retired | 1.07 | 0.74−1.54 | 0.71 | 0.94 | 0.47−1.89 | 0.87 | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 3.28 | 2.43−4.42 | 0.001 | 1.78 | 1.16−2.73 | 0.009 | ||||||||
| Mental Health: Depression ‡ | ||||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.65 | 0.52−0.82 | <0.001 | 0.75 | 0.49−1.16 | 0.20 | ||||||||
| Mental Health: Anxiety ‡ | ||||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.68 | 0.54−0.86 | 0.001 | 0.91 | 0.59−1.40 | 0.67 | ||||||||
| Physical Health Status: Pre-existing health condition | ||||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.67 | 0.52−0.85 | 0.001 | 0.73 | 0.51−1.03 | 0.07 | ||||||||
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors (1-unit increase | − | |||||||||||||
| Social distancing | 0.81 | 0.76−0.85 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.88−1.05 | 0.41 | ||||||||
| Wear mask/face covering in public | 0.72 | 0.63−0.82 | <0.001 | 1.05 | 0.84−1.30 | 0.69 | ||||||||
| Hand hygiene | 0.76 | 0.65−0.88 | <0.001 | 1.12 | 0.90−1.41 | 0.32 | ||||||||
| Social cognitive factors (1-unit increase) | − | |||||||||||||
| COVID-19 knowledge score | 1.00 | 0.87−1.15 | >0.99 | − | ||||||||||
| Perceived susceptibility | 0.54 | 0.49−0.60 | <0.001 | 0.82 | 0.71−0.94 | 0.006 | ||||||||
| Perceived severity | 0.68 | 0.63−0.74 | <0.001 | 1.03 | 0.90−1.19 | 0.64 | ||||||||
| Cues to action (national vaccine mandate) | 0.70 | 0.65−0.76 | <0.001 | 1.08 | 0.94−1.24 | 0.31 | ||||||||
| Cues to action (government official) | 0.59 | 0.55−0.65 | <0.001 | 0.84 | 0.74−0.95 | 0.005 | ||||||||
| Cues to action (public health officials) | 0.42 | 0.38−0.47 | <0.001 | 0.70 | 0.59−0.82 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Cues to action (one’s healthcare provider) | 0.37 | 0.33−0.42 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.50−0.69 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Perceived benefits | 0.74 | 0.68−0.80 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.84−1.10 | 0.60 | ||||||||
| Perceived barriers | 0.69 | 0.63−0.76 | <0.001 | 1.11 | 0.95−1.29 | 0.19 | ||||||||
| Subjective norms | 0.67 | 0.62−0.73 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 0.91−1.20 | 0.56 | ||||||||
| Perceived control (convenience) | 0.67 | 0.62−0.72 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 0.74−1.00 | 0.047 | ||||||||
NOTE: Missing data not included in statistical analyses. * In the analysis, outcome is “hesitant to get vaccinated”. † These factors that were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy in univariate logistic regression analysis (95% CI does not contain 1.0), were included into final multivariable logistic regression. ‡ Individuals categorized as having depression or anxiety met the criteria for caseness (T-score > 60) on the PROMIS 4-item short-form depression and anxiety measures.