Table 3.

Residues derived from fruit and vegetable waste.

Residue	Fruit/Vegetable	Matrix	Properties	Ref.
Cellulose nanofibrils (CCNF)	Carrot pomace	PLA	Mechanical, hydrophilic, thermal, and antibacterial	[36]
Nanofiber	Durian skin	PLA	Tensile strength	[68]
Fiber	Banana peel	PP	Sound insulation	[69]
Fiber	Durian skin	PLA	Production energy	[70]
Fiber	Durian skin	PLA	Tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and enzymatic degradation	[71]
Fiber	Sea mango peel	PP	Flexural strength, flexural modulus, and thermal	[72]
Pomace extract	Chokeberry, blackcurrant, apple, and raspberry	Rapeseed meal, microcrystalline cellulose	Flexural strength and water contact angle	[73]
Extract	Coconut shell	Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and corn starch	Antioxidant activity and thermal	[74]
Extract	Date fruit	Gelatin	Moisture content and water solubility	[75]
Powder	Cocopith	Wood powder, tapioca	Thermal conductivity	[76]
Powder	Date and tamarind seed	PLA	Tensile, flexural, and impact strength	[77]
Powder	Grape and acerola	Cassava starch	Antioxidant, physicochemical, and mechanical	[78]
Powder and fiber	Jackfruit skin	PLA	Tensile strength and tensile modulus	[79]
Powder	Sour cherry shell	PE	Elastic modulus, tensile strength, moisture absorption, and water vapor transmission rate	[80]
Husks	Chestnut	Starch	Elastic modulus and tensile strength	[81]