Table 1.
Demographics of 1904 individuals who belong to the Health Workers Cohort Study.
| Parameter | Men | Women | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 582 | n = 1322 | p Value | |
| Age (years) a | 46 (36–57) | 54 (43–63) | <0.001 |
| Leisure time physical activity (hour/week) a | 1.7 (0.4–5.0) | 1.1 (0.2–3.5) | <0.001 |
| Active (>150 min/week), % | 36.6 | 28.4 | 0.008 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current, % | 21.0 | 8.6 | <0.001 |
| Past, % | 39.0 | 22.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) a | 26.5 (24.1–29.0) | 26.8 (24.0–30.1) | 0.150 |
| Overweight, % | 48.9 | 40.3 | <0.001 |
| Obesity, % | 19.5 | 25.7 | 0.003 |
| Body fat proportion a | 31.5 (27.7–34.7) | 45.1 (40.7–49.1) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome (ATP III definition) b, % | 45.9 | 55.5 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) a | 96 (90–102) | 92 (85–100) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) a | 122 (113–131) | 116 (106–129) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) a | 77 (70–84) | 73 (66–79) | <0.001 |
| Elevated blood pressure, % | 43.0 | 37.0 | 0.010 |
| Fasting glucose(mg/dL) | 98 (92–107) | 96 (90–104) | <0.001 |
| Impaired glucose tolerance, % | 33.1 | 24.8 | <0.001 |
| Type 2 Diabetes, % | 15.0 | 14.3 | 0.680 |
| HDL-c(mg/dL) a | 39 (34–46) | 46 (39–54) | 0.007 |
| Triglycerides(mg/dL) a | 168 (118–247) | 151 (109–199) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR (>3.2) c, % | 35.1 | 32.4 | 0.370 |
| TyG index a,d | 4.3 (2.8–6.7) | 3.3 (2.1–4.8) | <0.001 |
| TG/HDL-c ratio a | 9.0 (8.7–9.5) | 8.9 (8.6–9.2) | <0.001 |
| Visceral adiposity index a | 2.6 (1.7–4.0) | 2.9 (1.8–4.1) | <0.001 |
| Total 25(OH)D (ng/mL) a | 22.1 (18.3–26.9) | 20.8 (16.7–24.8) | <0.001 |
| Free 25(OH)D-SNP adjusted (pg/mL) a,e | 7.1 (5.2–9.5) | 6.4 (4.6–8.6) | <0.001 |
| Bioavailable 25(OH)D-SNP adjusted (ng/mL) a,e | 2.7 (2.0–3.7) | 2.4 (1.7–3.2) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) a | 4.3 (4.1–4.5) | 4.2 (4.0–4.4) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL), % | 36.3 | 44.6 | 0.0008 |
| Vitamin D-binding protein (µmol/L) a | 263.8 (229.6–303.8) | 275.3 (234.0–318.4) | 0.003 |
| Vitamin D intake (UI/day) a | 145.2 (75.8–259.3) | 144.5 (85.0–248.6) | 0.370 |
| Alcohol(g/day) a | 2.7 (0.6–7.4) | 0.6 (0.0–1.8) | <0.001 |
a Median (P25-P75). b NCEP-ATP III: National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III. c Data in a subsample of 1264 individuals. d TyG: triglycerides and glucose index. e Serum free and bioavailable 25(OH)D SNP adjusted.