Table 2.

The altered metabolic pathways and the corresponding differential metabolites in serum samples from CON and GDM groups.

Pathway	Metabolites	p-Value	FC
Amino Acid Metabolism
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism	D-Glutamine	0.010	0.61
Histidine metabolism	1-Methylhistamine	0.001	0.57
β-Alanine metabolism	β-Aminopropionitrile	0.001	0.40
	Dihydrouracil	<0.001	0.27
Cysteine and methionine metabolism	5’-Methylthioadenosine	<0.001	0.20
Arginine and proline metabolism	Citrulline	0.009	0.59
Cyanoamino acid metabolism	β-Aminopropionitrile	0.001	0.40
Isoleucine metabolism	Valyl-isoleucine	0.024	2.13
Proline	Analy-proline	0.0151	0.43
Tryptophan metabolism	(±)-Tryptophan	0.0150	0.54
	Kynurenic acid	<0.001	0.12
	3-Methyldioxyindole	0.029	0.02
	1H-Indole−3-acetamide	<0.001	0.22
	Indole	<0.001	1.65
	5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan	<0.001	0.24
Lipid metabolism
Glycerophospholipid metabolism	Choline	0.002	2.19
	Dimethylethanolamine	0.016	2.77
	LysoPC(P-18:1(9Z))	0.001	3.76
	PC(20:4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/P-18:0)	<0.001	3.27
	Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine	0.022	5.60
	PE(20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/P-18:0)	0.001	2.58
Sphingolipid metabolism	Sphinganine	0.004	0.39
Fatty acid metabolism
Fatty acid degradation metabolism	L-Palmitoylcarnitine	0.004	13.69
Arachidonic acid metabolism	Lipoxin A4	0.012	10.87
	PC(20:4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/P-18:0)	<0.001	3.27
Linoleic acid metabolism	α-Dimorphecolic acid	0.001	5.51
	PC(20:4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/P-18:0)	<0.001	3.27
α-Linolenic acid metabolism	PC(20:4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/P-18:0)	<0.001	3.27
Steroid hormone
Steroid biosynthesis	Brassicasterol	<0.001	11.81
	Calcitriol	0.001	10.85
	Ergosterol	<0.001	5.83
Steroid hormone biosynthesis	Progesterone	0.035	0.36
Nucleotide metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism	Cytosine	<0.001	0.32
	Deoxycytidine	<0.001	0.30
	5-Methylcytosine	<0.001	0.12
	Dihydrouracil	<0.001	0.27
Purine metabolism	Hypoxanthine	0.007	0.21
Vitamin metabolism
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism	1-Methylnicotinamide N1-Methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide	<0.001 <0.001	0.28 0.05
Vitamin B6 metabolism	5-Pyridoxolactone	<0.001	0.04
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis	Dihydrouracil	<0.001	0.27
Choline metabolism	Choline	0.002	2.19
	Trimethylamine N-oxide	0.004	1.97
	LysoPC(P-18:1(9Z))	0.001	3.76
	PC(20:4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/P-18:0)	<0.001	3.27

FC: Fold change was derived from normalized means of metabolites in GDM divided by that in CON.