Table 3.

Direct efects of COVID-19 in frailty patients.

Frailty Model	Age (Years)	Participants	Category	Clinical Outcome	Study Design	Ref.
Fried phenotype FI	37–73	802	Frail and pre-frail	Increased in severity of disease for both models	Cohort multicentric	[34]
CFS	65–97	81	CFS > 7	No survivors were frailer	Restrospective, single-center observational	[27]
CSF	82–91	289 in hospital 341 in nursing homes	CFS >6	Significantly associated with mortality after 30 days	Retrospective, observational, longitudinal	[35]
Frail Non-Disabled survey	62–99	94	Frail	No correlated with mortality	Retrospective cohort study	[30]
CFS HFRS	Median age 81	967 (250 patients with COVID-19)	CFS > 5	Associated with in-hospital mortality and decreased probability of being discharge. No HFRS relationship found	Cross-sectional single center	[21]
CFS	54–72	42	Higher CFS scores CFS < 3	Higher risk of mechanical ventilation. Correlated with earlier and more frequently discharge from home	Retrospective cohort study, single center	[20]
HFRS	Mean age 74.1	18,234	>5 points	Correlated with all-cause in-hospital mortality, long stay (more than ten days) and use of mechanical ventilation	Cross-sectional, multicenter	[12]
FRAIL	60–96	114	Frail vs. no frail	Association with severe disease	Prospective cohort study	[18]

CFS (clinical frailty scale), FI (frailty index), HFRS (Hospital frailty risk score).