Table 1.
MSK-Is in Olympic Games.
| Sport (Disciplines) | Injury Sites 2 | Types of Injury | IIRs 1,2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aquatic (Swimming [9], Marathon swimming, Diving, Artistic swimming, Water polo [10]) | Swimming: upper extremity (38.7%), lower extremity (42.0%), body trunk (19.3%) Water polo: upper extremity (38.7%), lower extremity (18.8%), body trunk (16.9%) |
Swimming: tendonitis (58%), strain (35.5%), and sprain (6.5%) Water polo: (sub)luxation/sprain (22.7%), strain (9.9%), tendinosis/arthritis/bursitis/impingement or similar (9.1%), fracture (5.1%), muscle spasm (4.0%), tendon/ligament rupture (1.1%) |
Swimming: 3.04/1000 h (95% CI 2.04, 4.49) or 5.55/1000 AEs (95% CI 3.73, 8.18) Water polo: 56.2/1000 h (95% CI ± 6.74) competition |
| Archery [11] | Overuse: upper extremity (86.2%), body trunk (11.8%). Acute: upper extremity (83.4%). |
Overuse: tendons, ligaments, and articulation injuries (67.9%) Acute: fractures (83.3%) |
0.00536/1000 h (overuse and acute) |
| Athletics [12,13] | Marathon: lower extremity (92.6%) Pole vault: upper extremity (20.8%), lower extremity (59.8%), body trunk (18.1%) |
Marathon: tendonitis (10.3%), strain (2.4%), sprain (2.3%), bursitis (1.0%) (major and minor injuries) Pole vault: strain (37.5%), sprain (18.1%), stress reaction (13.9%), tendinitis (11.1%), fracture (11.1%) |
Marathon: 65.0/1000 h (95% CI 61.4, 68.7); major MSK-Is 0.8/1000 h (95% CI 0.4, 1.3), minor MSK-Is 11.2/1000 h (95% CI 9.8, 12.9) Pole vault: 7.9/1000 AEs (95% CI, 6.2, 10.0) |
| Badminton | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| Baseball [14]/Softball [15] | Baseball: upper extremity (51.4%), lower extremity (30.6%), body trunk (11.7%) Softball: upper extremity (33.1%), lower extremity (42.1%), body trunk (9.8%) |
Baseball: data not available Softball: ligament sprain, muscle-tendon strain (data not available) |
Baseball: 3.61/1000 AEs (95% CI = 3.49, 3.74) Softball: 4.30/1000 AEs (95% CI = 4.13, 4.47) competition; 2.67/1000 AEs (95% CI = 2.57, 2.77) training |
| Basketball (3 × 3, basketball [16]) | Men: upper extremity (18.5%), lower extremity (58.7%), body trunk (8.4%) Women: upper extremity (14.5%), lower extremity (63.1%), body trunk (6.4%) |
Men: sprain (30.1%), strain (14.3%), tendonitis (3.8%), fracture (3.2%), dislocation (3.0%), spasm (2.6%), inflammation (1.8%) Women: sprain (29.0%), strain (16.7%), tendonitis (5.2%), inflammation (4.6%), dislocation (3.2%), fracture (3.0%), spasm (2.6%) |
Men: 7.97/1000 AEs (95% CI 7.65, 8.30) Women: 6.54/1000 AEs (95% CI 6.22, 6.85) |
| Boxing [17] | Upper extremity (24.5%), lower extremity (15.6%), body trunk (14.1%) | Tear (12.0%), pain (7.8%), strain (4.2%), rupture (2.0%), fracture (1.0%) | 12.8/1000 h (training) |
| Canoeing (slalom, sprint) | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| Cycling (BMX freestyle, BMX racing, mountain bike, road, track) | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| Equestrian (eventing, dressage, jumping) | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| Fencing [18] | Upper extremity (42.9%), lower extremity (35.7%), body trunk (21.4) | Sprain (25.0%), Pain (25.0%) | 2.43/1000 AEs |
| Hockey (field hockey [19]) | Men: upper extremity (19.0%), lower extremity (41.0%), body trunk (4.0%) Women: upper extremity (14.0%), lower extremity (28.0%), body trunk (0.0%) |
Data not available | 36.2/1000 player-hours (95% CI 31.6, 40.8) Men: 48.3/1000 player-hours (95% CI 30.9, 65.8) Women: 29.1/1000 player-hours (95% CI 18.6,39.7) |
| Football (soccer [20]) | Upper extremity (10%), lower extremity (65%), body trunk (7%) | Strain/muscle fibre rupture (24%), sprain/dislocation (8%), fracture (6%), tendon or ligament rupture/meniscus lesion (4%) | 29.3/1000 h (95% CI 21.9, 36.7); 50.8/1000 player-hours (95% CI 41.0, 60.6) |
| Golf [21] | Upper extremity (40.7%), lower extremity (26.1%), body trunk (29.0%) | Tendinosis/tendinopathy (21.2%), ligament sprain (13.6%), meniscus lesions (11.2%), muscle strain, rupture, or tear (9.1%), and inflammation of unknown cause (7.0%) | 8.5/1000 AEs (competition), and 3.3/1000 AEs (training) |
| Gymnastics [22] (artistic, rhythmic, trampoline) | Severe injuries: upper extremity (16.5%), lower extremity (64.5%), body trunk (8.9%) | Severe injuries: sprain (31.6%), strain (13.9%), fracture (13.9%), dislocation (8.9%), sub-luxation (3.8%), inflammation (2.5%) | Women: 1.40/1000 AEs (95% CI 1.09, 1.71) |
| Handball [23] | Upper extremity (28.7%), lower extremity (52.0%), body trunk (17.2%) | Sprain (26.5%), rupture (12.2%), strain (4.9%), fracture (4.4%), subluxation/dislocation (2.3%) | 4.3/1000 player-hours |
| Judo [24] | Upper extremity (10.2%), lower extremity (9.7%), body trunk (10.9%) | Data not available | 4.2/1000 h (training) |
| Karate [25] (kata, kumite) | Lower extremity (12.0%) | Data not available | 88.3/1000 AEs (95% CI 66.6, 117.2) |
| Modern pentathlon | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| Rowing | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| Rugby (rugby sevens [26]) | Upper extremity (21.4%), lower extremity (58.3%), body trunk (5.5%) | Joint sprains (25.2%), muscle injury (16.7%), tendon injury (12.1%), cartilage injury/impingement (9.3%), joint dislocation/instability (5.5%), bone injury (5.5%) | 43.2/1000 player-hours (95% CI, 43.0–43.3) |
| Sailing [27] | Upper extremity (12%), lower extremity (23%), body trunk (29%) | Muscle cramp/spasm (20%), muscle strain (13%), sprain (13%), tendinopathy (13%) | 0.59/1000 h |
| Shooting | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| Skateboarding | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| Sport climbing [28] | Lower extremity (11.1%), body trunk (5.6%) | Sprain (11.1%), fractures (5.6%) | 3.1/1000 h |
| Surfing | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| Table tennis | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| Taekwondo [24] | Upper extremity (22.8%), lower extremity (9.1%) | Data not available | 19.09/1000 AEs (competition) |
| Tennis [29] | Upper extremity (23.2%), lower extremity (51.4), body trunk (18.5%) | Muscle rupture/tear/spasm/cramp (32.9%), synovitis (20.4%), tendon tear/tendinopathy/bursitis (17.6%), ligament injury (8.3%), dislocation/subluxation/instability (6.0%), lesion of meniscus/articular cartilage (3.2%), fasciitis (2.3%), fracture (0.9%) | 56.6/1000 h (95% CI: 49.5, 64.6) competition; 62.7/1000 h (95% CI: 54.8, 71.6) training |
| Triathlon [30] | Upper extremity/shoulder (up to 19%), lower extremity (36–85%), body trunk (up to 72%) | Muscle/tendon lesions (30–55%), tendinitis (13–25%), and ligament/joint injuries (6–29%) | 17.4/1000 h (competition), 0.7–5.4/1000 h (training) |
| Volleyball (beach volleyball, volleyball [31]) | Men: upper extremity (30.5%), lower extremity (46.3%), body trunk (12.2%) Women: upper extremity (19.2%), lower extremity (58.0%), body trunk (11.7%) |
Men: sprains (22.0%), and strain (19.5%), inflammatory conditions (19.5%), fracture (6.1%), dislocation/subluxation (2.4%), entrapment/impingement (2.4%), sacroiliac dysfunction (1.2%), spasm (1.2%) Women: sprains (23.8%), strain (21.4%), inflammatory conditions (14.7%), fracture (2.8%), spasm (2.4%), entrapment/impingement (2.0%), patella femoral pain syndrome (1.8%), sacroiliac dysfunction (1.4%), dislocation/subluxation (1.0%) |
Men: 4.69/1000 AEs (95% CI, 3.68–5.70) Women: 7.07/1000 AEs (95% CI, 6.45–7.68) |
| Weightlifting [32,33] | Upper extremity (39%), lower extremity (23%), body trunk (37%) | Data not available | 2.4–3.3/1000 h (training) |
| Wrestling (Greco-Roman, freestyle) [34] | Upper extremity (23.1%), lower extremity (35.8%), body trunk (10.5%) | Knee internal derangements (18.9%), ankle ligament sprains (7.4%), shoulder strains (4.6%) | 5.7/1000 AEs (95% CI 5.5–5.8) training; 26.4/1000 AEs (95% CI 25.4–27.3) competition |
Notes: 1 IIRs are expressed in one of these 3 formats: (1) injuries/1000 h, (2) /1000 AEs, (3) 1000 player-hours. 2 Data are referred to as any kind of injury and not only to MSK-Is if not otherwise specified.