Table 5.
Cerebral palsy studies: design and outcome parameters.
| Author, Year, Country | Design | Subjects/Grouping | Follow-up | Parameter | Safety |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amelio 2010, Italy [43] | Prospective, placebo-controlled study |
n = 12 | Immediately after placebo, immediately after ESST, 1 wk, 4 wks, 12 wks | MAS (+) PROM (+) Pedobarometric assessment (+) |
NM |
| Vidal 2011, Spain [44] | Placebo-controlled clinical trial | n = 15 | 1 mo, 2 mos, 3 mos | MAS (+) ROM (+) |
NM |
| Gonkova 2013, Italy [45] | Observational study | n = 25 | 2 wks, 4 wks | MAS (+), PROM (+) Baropodometric measurements (+) |
NM |
| Wang 2016, China [46] | Case-control study | rESWT (n = 34) Control (n = 32) |
1 mo, 3 mos | MAS (+) PROM (+) GMFM-88 (−) |
No adverse effect |
| Lin 2018, China [47] | RCT | rESWT (n = 43) Control (n = 39) |
2 wks, 1 mo | GMFM (+), MAS (+) Plantar area and pressure (+) |
NM |
| Park 2018, Korea [48] | RCT (a pilot study) | 1 ESWT (n = 6) 3 ESWT (n = 6) |
Immediately after the first and third ESWT, 4 wks | MAS (+) PROM (+) Sonoelastography (+) |
No adverse effect |
| Vidal 2020, Germany [49] | RCT, cross-over study * | BTX-A (n = 33) rESWT (n = 35) |
3 wks, 2 mos, 3 mos | Tardieu scale, with goniometer (+) | NM |
Abbreviations: +: statistically significant, −: statistically not significant mo: month; wk: week; RCT: randomized controlled trial; ESWT: extracorporeal shock therapy; rESWT: radial extracorporeal shock therapy; MAS: modified Ashworth scale; PROM: passive range of motion; GMFM-88: gross motor function measure-88, NM: not mentioned. * Crossover six months later.