Table 1.

Studies on safety and toxicity of fucosterol extracted from macroalgae, tested in bacteria and fungi.

Bacteria/ Fungi	Extract or Chemical	Sources	Method	Concentration	Toxicity	Ref.
Pyricularia oryzae	Fucosterol extract	Sargassum carpophyllum	Screening	Nd	Affected the morphology	[22]
Staphylococcus epidermidis	Fucosterol extract	Turbinaria conoides	Broth dilution susceptibility assay	2–256 µg/mL	Inhibited bacteria growth	[58]
Aspergillus niger	Fucosterol extract	Turbinaria conoides	Broth dilution susceptibility assay	2–256 µg/mL	Inhibited fungal growth	[58]
Candida albicans	Fucosterol extract	Turbinaria conoides	Broth dilution susceptibility assay	2–256 µg/mL	Inhibited fungal growth	[58]
Escherichia coli	Fucosterol extract	Turbinaria conoides	Broth dilution susceptibility assay	2–256 µg/mL	Inhibited bacteria growth	[58]
Staphylococcus aureus	Fucosterol extract	Turbinaria conoides	Broth dilution susceptibility assay	2–256 µg/mL	Inhibited bacteria growth	[58]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Fucosterol extract	Turbinaria conoides	Broth dilution susceptibility assay	2–256 µg/mL	Inhibited bacteria growth	[58]
Fusarium culmorum	Commercial fucosterol	Nd	Determined on a liquid RB medium	0.05–1.0%	Inhibited fungal growth and caused total degradation	[57]

Nd: not determined.