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. 2021 Sep 27;19(10):545. doi: 10.3390/md19100545

Table 2.

Studies on safety and toxicity of fucosterol extracted from macroalgae, tested in human and animal cell lines.

Cell Lines Extract or
Chemical
Sources Method Concentration Toxicity Ref.
RAW 264.7 macrophage cells Fucosterol extract Padina boryana MMT assay and
incubated for 23 h
12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL Increased cell viability [43]
A549 human lung
epithelial cells exposed to CPM
Fucosterol extract Sargassum aquifolium (formerly Sargassum binderi) MMT assay and
incubated for 24 h
3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL Low toxicity and
increased cell viability
[44]
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, rat basophil leukemia (RBL) cells, U373 cells, and BA/F3 cells Fucosterol extract Undaria pinnatifida and Eisenia bicyclis Human monoamine oxidase (hMAO) inhibition and functional assay 500 μM Had no effects on
the viability of the cells
[55]
Human dermal
fibroblasts (HDF) and HaCaT cells
Fucosterol extract Sargassum aquifolium (formerly Sargassum binderi) MMT assay and incubated for 3 h 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL Not toxic and increased cell viability [60]
Human recombinant
PTP1B
Fucosterol extract Sargassum fusiforme Docking simulation 0 to 2 mM Inhibited PTP1B and
α-glucosidase
[28]
RAW 264.7
macrophages
Fucosterol extract Undaria pinnatifida Western blot analysis 10, 25, or 50 µM Had no effects on
the viability of the cells
[42]
Murine 3T3-L1
preadipocytes
Fucosterol extract Ecklonia cava subsp. stolonifera (formerly Ecklonia stolonifera) Western blot analysis 25 and 50 µM No significant effects up to 50 µM [15]
β-Site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) Fucosterol extract Undaria pinnatifida and Ecklonia cava subsp. stolonifera
(formerly Ecklonia stolonifera)
Kinetics and molecular docking simulation 0, 5.0, 20, and 100 µM Inhibited BACE1
and not toxic
[53]
Insulin-resistant HepG2 (human hepatocarcinoma) cells Fucosterol extract Ecklonia cava subsp. stolonifera (formerly Ecklonia stolonifera) MMT assay and
incubated for 2 h
12.5, 25, 50, 100,
and 200 µM
No significant effect
up to 100 µM
[27]
HepG2 cells induced
t-BHP and tacrine
Fucosterol extract Ecklonia cava subsp. stolonifera (formerly Ecklonia stolonifera)and Eisenia bicyclis MMT assay and
incubated for 2 h
0, 25, 50 and 100 μM Low toxicity and
increased cell viability
[47]
HaCaT cells induced
cobalt chloride (CoCl2)
Fucosterol extract Sargassum fusiforme (formerly Hizikia
fusiformis)
MMT assay and
incubated for 2 h
1, 2, 5, and 10 μM Low toxicity and
increased cell viability
[61]
C8-B4 microglial cells Fucosterol extract Padina australis MMT assay and
incubated for 4 h
12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 μM Had no effects on
the viability of the cells
[54]
Colon carcinoma (HT-29), colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), and breast ductal carcinoma (T47D) cell lines Fucosterol extract Sargassum angustifolium MMT assay and
incubated for 4 h
4.5, 18, 36, and 72 μg/mL Low toxicity [38]
Oral carcinoma (KB), epithelial carcinoma of the larynx (Hep-2), MCF-7, cervix adenocarcinoma (SiHa), and a human cell embryonic kidney cell line (HEK-293) Fucosterol extract Dictyota ciliolataPadina sanctae-crucis, and Turbinaria tricostata MMT assay and
incubated for 2 h
Nd Only inactive
on HEK-293
[37]
Dalton’s Lymphoma
Ascites (DLA) cells
Fucosterol extract Turbinaria conoides Trypan blue viability assay 100 and 200 μg/mL Not toxic [36]
Lung cancer cell and
human normal cell
Commercial fucosterol Nd MMT assay and
incubated for 24 h
1.55, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL Decreased cell viability in cancer cell and low toxicity in normal cell [17]
Human cancer cell lines (HT29 and HCT116) and CCD-18Co fibroblasts Commercial
fucosterol
Nd MMT assay and
incubated for 24 h
5 and 10 µM Decreased cell viability in HT29 cells, but no effect in HCT116 and CCD-18Co [62]
Human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) Commercial
fucosterol
Nd MMT assay and
incubated for 4 h
7.55, 15.1, 30.2, 60.4, and 120.8 µM Not toxic [63]
Human ovarian cancer (ES2 and OV90) cells Commercial
fucosterol
Nd 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µM Not toxic [35]
HaCaT cells and
monkey kidney
COS-7 cells
Commercial
fucosterol
Nd MMT assay and
incubated for 3 h
0.5, 1, and 5 μM Had no effects on
the viability of the cells
[45]

Nd: not determined.