Table 2.
Cell Lines | Extract or Chemical |
Sources | Method | Concentration | Toxicity | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RAW 264.7 macrophage cells | Fucosterol extract | Padina boryana | MMT assay and incubated for 23 h |
12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL | Increased cell viability | [43] |
A549 human lung epithelial cells exposed to CPM |
Fucosterol extract | Sargassum aquifolium (formerly Sargassum binderi) | MMT assay and incubated for 24 h |
3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL | Low toxicity and increased cell viability |
[44] |
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, rat basophil leukemia (RBL) cells, U373 cells, and BA/F3 cells | Fucosterol extract | Undaria pinnatifida and Eisenia bicyclis | Human monoamine oxidase (hMAO) inhibition and functional assay | 500 μM | Had no effects on the viability of the cells |
[55] |
Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and HaCaT cells |
Fucosterol extract | Sargassum aquifolium (formerly Sargassum binderi) | MMT assay and incubated for 3 h | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL | Not toxic and increased cell viability | [60] |
Human recombinant PTP1B |
Fucosterol extract | Sargassum fusiforme | Docking simulation | 0 to 2 mM | Inhibited PTP1B and α-glucosidase |
[28] |
RAW 264.7 macrophages |
Fucosterol extract | Undaria pinnatifida | Western blot analysis | 10, 25, or 50 µM | Had no effects on the viability of the cells |
[42] |
Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes |
Fucosterol extract | Ecklonia cava subsp. stolonifera (formerly Ecklonia stolonifera) | Western blot analysis | 25 and 50 µM | No significant effects up to 50 µM | [15] |
β-Site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) | Fucosterol extract |
Undaria pinnatifida and Ecklonia cava subsp. stolonifera (formerly Ecklonia stolonifera) |
Kinetics and molecular docking simulation | 0, 5.0, 20, and 100 µM | Inhibited BACE1 and not toxic |
[53] |
Insulin-resistant HepG2 (human hepatocarcinoma) cells | Fucosterol extract | Ecklonia cava subsp. stolonifera (formerly Ecklonia stolonifera) | MMT assay and incubated for 2 h |
12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µM |
No significant effect up to 100 µM |
[27] |
HepG2 cells induced t-BHP and tacrine |
Fucosterol extract | Ecklonia cava subsp. stolonifera (formerly Ecklonia stolonifera)and Eisenia bicyclis | MMT assay and incubated for 2 h |
0, 25, 50 and 100 μM | Low toxicity and increased cell viability |
[47] |
HaCaT cells induced cobalt chloride (CoCl2) |
Fucosterol extract |
Sargassum fusiforme (formerly Hizikia fusiformis) |
MMT assay and incubated for 2 h |
1, 2, 5, and 10 μM | Low toxicity and increased cell viability |
[61] |
C8-B4 microglial cells | Fucosterol extract | Padina australis | MMT assay and incubated for 4 h |
12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 μM | Had no effects on the viability of the cells |
[54] |
Colon carcinoma (HT-29), colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), and breast ductal carcinoma (T47D) cell lines | Fucosterol extract | Sargassum angustifolium | MMT assay and incubated for 4 h |
4.5, 18, 36, and 72 μg/mL | Low toxicity | [38] |
Oral carcinoma (KB), epithelial carcinoma of the larynx (Hep-2), MCF-7, cervix adenocarcinoma (SiHa), and a human cell embryonic kidney cell line (HEK-293) | Fucosterol extract | Dictyota ciliolataPadina sanctae-crucis, and Turbinaria tricostata | MMT assay and incubated for 2 h |
Nd | Only inactive on HEK-293 |
[37] |
Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells |
Fucosterol extract | Turbinaria conoides | Trypan blue viability assay | 100 and 200 μg/mL | Not toxic | [36] |
Lung cancer cell and human normal cell |
Commercial fucosterol | Nd | MMT assay and incubated for 24 h |
1.55, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL | Decreased cell viability in cancer cell and low toxicity in normal cell | [17] |
Human cancer cell lines (HT29 and HCT116) and CCD-18Co fibroblasts | Commercial fucosterol |
Nd | MMT assay and incubated for 24 h |
5 and 10 µM | Decreased cell viability in HT29 cells, but no effect in HCT116 and CCD-18Co | [62] |
Human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) | Commercial fucosterol |
Nd | MMT assay and incubated for 4 h |
7.55, 15.1, 30.2, 60.4, and 120.8 µM | Not toxic | [63] |
Human ovarian cancer (ES2 and OV90) cells | Commercial fucosterol |
Nd | 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay | 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µM | Not toxic | [35] |
HaCaT cells and monkey kidney COS-7 cells |
Commercial fucosterol |
Nd | MMT assay and incubated for 3 h |
0.5, 1, and 5 μM | Had no effects on the viability of the cells |
[45] |
Nd: not determined.