Table 2.
Changes within and between group in fiber and fiber by food group. Estimate (95% CI) reported for all quantities of interest. Sample sizes for HLC and HLF at baseline: n = 304 and n = 305; at 3 months: n = 274 and n = 274; at 6 months: n = 251 and n = 240; and at 12 months: n = 224 and n = 225.
| HLC | HLF | HLC Minus HLF | p-Value 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total fiber (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 21.63 (20.61, 22.65) | 22.01 (21, 23.03) | −0.38 (−1.82, 1.06) | 0.6049 |
| 3-month change | −5.7 (−6.76, −4.63) | 2.07 (1.01, 3.13) | −7.77 (−9.27, −6.26) | <0.0001 |
| 6-month change | −4.62 (−5.72, −3.53) | 1.46 (0.35, 2.58) | −6.09 (−7.65, −4.53) | <0.0001 |
| 12-month change | −3.29 (−4.42, −2.15) | 0.33 (−0.81, 1.47) | −3.61 (−5.22, −2) | <0.0001 |
|
Fiber per 1000
calories (g/1000 kcal) |
||||
| Baseline | 10.1 (9.55, 10.65) | 10.57 (10.01, 11.12) | −0.46 (−1.24, 0.32) | 0.2451 |
| 3-month change | 0.36 (−0.24, 0.97) | 5.65 (5.05, 6.26) | −5.29 (−6.14, −4.43) | <0.0001 |
| 6-month change | 0.9 (0.27, 1.52) | 4.54 (3.91, 5.17) | −3.64 (−4.53, −2.76) | <0.0001 |
| 12-month change | 1.14 (0.5, 1.79) | 3.13 (2.48, 3.77) | −1.98 (−2.9, −1.07) | <0.0001 |
| Vegetables (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 3.79 (3.4, 4.18) | 3.48 (3.09, 3.87) | 0.31 (−0.24, 0.86) | 0.274 |
| 3-month change | 1.63 (1.17, 2.09) | 1.01 (0.55, 1.47) | 0.63 (−0.02, 1.28) | 0.0586 |
| 6-month change | 1.68 (1.2, 2.15) | 1.29 (0.81, 1.77) | 0.39 (−0.29, 1.06) | 0.2598 |
| 12-month change | 1.22 (0.73, 1.71) | 0.57 (0.08, 1.06) | 0.65 (−0.05, 1.34) | 0.0673 |
| Refined grains (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 2.65 (2.46, 2.84) | 2.91 (2.72, 3.1) | −0.26 (−0.53, 0) | 0.0515 |
| 3-month change | −1.58 (−1.83, −1.34) | −0.79 (−1.04, −0.55) | −0.79 (−1.14, −0.44) | <0.0001 |
| 6-month change | −1.32 (−1.58, −1.07) | −0.68 (−0.94, −0.43) | −0.64 (−1, −0.28) | 0.0004 |
| 12-month change | −1.35 (−1.61, −1.09) | −1.03 (−1.3, −0.77) | −0.31 (−0.68, 0.06) | 0.0964 |
| Whole grains (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 2.13 (1.84, 2.41) | 2.92 (2.64, 3.21) | −0.79 (−1.2, −0.39) | 0.0001 |
| 3-month change | −1.21 (−1.58, −0.84) | 0.57 (0.2, 0.94) | −1.78 (−2.3, −1.26) | <0.0001 |
| 6-month change | −0.81 (−1.19, −0.43) | 0.65 (0.27, 1.04) | −1.46 (−2, −0.92) | <0.0001 |
| 12-month change | −0.94 (−1.33, −0.55) | 0.9 (0.51, 1.29) | −1.84 (−2.39, −1.29) | <0.0001 |
| Some whole grains (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 0.76 (0.54, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.66, 1.09) | −0.12 (−0.42, 0.19) | 0.4516 |
| 3-month change | −0.55 (−0.8, −0.3) | 0.15 (−0.1, 0.4) | −0.7 (−1.05, −0.35) | 0.0001 |
| 6-month change | −0.5 (−0.76, −0.25) | 0.19 (−0.07, 0.45) | −0.69 (−1.05, −0.32) | 0.0002 |
| 12-month change | −0.36 (−0.63, −0.1) | 0.21 (−0.06, 0.47) | −0.57 (−0.94, −0.19) | 0.0029 |
| Protein/fat (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 1.8 (1.56, 2.04) | 1.44 (1.2, 1.67) | 0.36 (0.03, 0.7) | 0.0346 |
| 3-month change | 0.91 (0.61, 1.22) | −0.56 (−0.87, −0.26) | 1.48 (1.05, 1.9) | <0.0001 |
| 6-month change | 0.83 (0.52, 1.14) | −0.38 (−0.69, −0.06) | 1.21 (0.76, 1.65) | <0.0001 |
| 12-month change | 0.8 (0.48, 1.12) | −0.5 (−0.82, −0.17) | 1.3 (0.84, 1.75) | <0.0001 |
| Fruits (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 2.64 (2.34, 2.94) | 2.97 (2.67, 3.28) | −0.33 (−0.76, 0.1) | 0.1288 |
| 3-month change | −0.37 (−0.73, −0.01) | 0.71 (0.35, 1.08) | −1.08 (−1.6, −0.57) | <0.0001 |
| 6-month change | −0.35 (−0.72, 0.02) | 0.38 (0, 0.76) | −0.73 (−1.26, −0.19) | 0.0075 |
| 12-month change | −0.23 (−0.62, 0.16) | 0.34 (−0.05, 0.72) | −0.57 (−1.11, −0.02) | 0.0428 |
| Legumes (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 1.18 (0.87, 1.48) | 2.14 (1.83, 2.44) | −0.96 (−1.4, −0.52) | <0.0001 |
| 3-month change | −0.47 (−0.86, −0.08) | −0.05 (−0.43, 0.34) | −0.42 (−0.97, 0.12) | 0.1288 |
| 6-month change | −0.36 (−0.76, 0.04) | 0.03 (−0.37, 0.43) | −0.39 (−0.95, 0.18) | 0.1771 |
| 12-month change | −0.34 (−0.75, 0.07) | 0.21 (−0.2, 0.62) | −0.55 (−1.13, 0.03) | 0.0626 |
| Dairy (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 0.53 (0.43, 0.64) | 0.66 (0.55, 0.76) | −0.13 (−0.27, 0.02) | 0.0989 |
| 3-month change | −0.1 (−0.23, 0.03) | 0.2 (0.06, 0.33) | −0.3 (−0.49, −0.11) | 0.0021 |
| 6-month change | −0.15 (−0.29, −0.01) | 0.34 (0.2, 0.48) | −0.49 (−0.68, −0.29) | <0.0001 |
| 12-month change | −0.11 (−0.25, 0.03) | 0.26 (0.12, 0.4) | −0.37 (−0.57, −0.17) | 0.0003 |
| Potatoes/starch (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 1.12 (0.98, 1.26) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.24) | 0.03 (−0.17, 0.23) | 0.7849 |
| 3-month change | −0.44 (−0.63, −0.24) | −0.07 (−0.27, 0.12) | −0.36 (−0.63, −0.09) | 0.0091 |
| 6-month change | −0.39 (−0.59, −0.2) | −0.25 (−0.45, −0.05) | −0.14 (−0.42, 0.14) | 0.3148 |
| 12-month change | −0.34 (−0.55, −0.14) | −0.06 (−0.26, 0.14) | −0.28 (−0.57, 0) | 0.0539 |
| Sweets (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 0.43 (0.37, 0.49) | 0.39 (0.33, 0.45) | 0.03 (−0.05, 0.12) | 0.4531 |
| 3-month change | −0.16 (−0.24, −0.08) | −0.19 (−0.27, −0.1) | 0.03 (−0.09, 0.15) | 0.6253 |
| 6-month change | −0.14 (−0.22, −0.05) | −0.09 (−0.18, −0.01) | −0.05 (−0.17, 0.07) | 0.4614 |
| 12-month change | −0.15 (−0.24, −0.06) | −0.11 (−0.2, −0.02) | −0.04 (−0.17, 0.08) | 0.4983 |
| Beverages (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 1.06 (0.94, 1.18) | 0.87 (0.75, 0.99) | 0.19 (0.02, 0.36) | 0.0311 |
| 3-month change | 0.11 (0.01, 0.21) | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.09) | 0.12 (−0.02, 0.26) | 0.0876 |
| 6-month change | 0.13 (0.02, 0.23) | 0.04 (−0.06, 0.14) | 0.08 (−0.06, 0.23) | 0.2551 |
| 12-month change | 0.12 (0.02, 0.23) | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.08) | 0.15 (0, 0.3) | 0.0531 |
| Miscellaneous (g) | ||||
| Baseline | 0.19 (0.11, 0.28) | 0.2 (0.12, 0.29) | −0.01 (−0.13, 0.11) | 0.8782 |
| 3-month change | −0.07 (−0.18, 0.05) | −0.04 (−0.15, 0.08) | −0.03 (−0.2, 0.13) | 0.7128 |
| 6-month change | 0.05 (−0.07, 0.17) | 0.01 (−0.11, 0.14) | 0.04 (−0.13, 0.21) | 0.6753 |
| 12-month change | −0.03 (−0.16, 0.09) | −0.02 (−0.14, 0.11) | −0.02 (−0.19, 0.16) | 0.8619 |
1 Confidence intervals and p-values from linear mixed effects model for outcome as a function of time, diet, and time × diet interaction. No multiple comparison adjustment performed.