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. 2021 Oct 18;14(20):6170. doi: 10.3390/ma14206170

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Schematic illustration of patterning MSCs by directly printing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) barriers on graphene films. (b) Optical microscopy image of the printed PDMS pattern on a fluorinated graphene film (scale bar: 50 μm). (c–e) Aligned growth of stem cells on graphene, partially fluorinated graphene, and fluorinated graphene with a printed PDMS pattern, respectively (scale bar: 100 μm). Adapted from [48]. Copyright (2012), with permission from WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.